Index of BPF FFR Documents

To access the below documents contact David King on [email protected]

A) PU GENERAL

1) Conference Proceedings “Cellular and Non-cellular Polyurethanes” Strasbourg 1980

Includes:

(i) “Potential fire hazard of a Furnished Compartment” Smith: Ohio State Univ

(ii) “Smouldering of Porous materials” Gann and Clarke: NBS

(iii) “New aspects on the Chemistry and Physics in the Formation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Rossmy et al: Goldschmidt

(iv) “Surface Chemical Aspects of Polyurethane Foaming” Kanner et al: Union Carbide

(v) “Study of the Chemical Processes in the Formation of Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Zharkhov et al

(vi) “Toxicology of Isocyanates” I. Carney: III (Also published as Eur. J. Cell. Plast. July 1980 78 – 81)

(vii) “Occupational Health Aspects with Isocyanates” Henderson: III

(viii) “Environmental Aspects of the Polyurethane Industry” Cossi: III

(ix) “Applicable Technique of Optical Microscopy for Polyurethane Investigations” Rhodes Univ Massachusetts

2) Conference Proceedings “Polyurethanes World Congress” Aachen 1987

Includes:

(i) “Isocyanate Workplace Analysis – State of the Art” Brenner: BASF

(ii) “Determination of TDI in the Workplace Atmosphere by an Isomer-Independent Photometric Method” Vogel and Keller: Bayer

(iii) “Scrubbing of Isocyanate and CFC Emissions in Flexible Foam Plants” R. Hurd for Europur

(iv) “Environmental Considerations in the Production of Flexible Slabstock” Vreenegoor: Unifoam

(v) “Risk Evaluation of Chronic Exposure to TDI Based on Long-Term Animal Studies” Ader, Carney and Loeser

(vi) “Reaction Kinetics Studies of High Resilient Polyurethane Foams” Illger et al: Bayer

(vii) “The Flaming Combustion Characteristics of Foams, Composites and Upholstered Furniture – report 2: An SPI Research Project” Schuhmann

(viii) “Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Odour Bodies” Harris et al: Arco

(ix) “Structure vs Properties of Flexible Urethane foams Used in the Home Furnishing industry (Polymer-Morphology)” Turner and Wilkes

3) Conference Proceedings “Polyurethanes World Congress” Nice 1991

Includes:

(i) “The Combustion Toxicology of Polyurethane Foams” Hartzell

(ii) “Environmental aspects of TDI” Bailey, Gilbert and Kitahara

(iii) “Some actions taken by Flexible Foam Producers in Europe to Meet the Requirements of Legislation on Health and the Environment” R Hurd

(iv) “Environmental Impact and Disposal of TDI and MDI” Bastian: Dow

(v) “Assessment of the Fire Hazard Presented by a Burning Pool of TDI” Marlair and Sand

(vi) “Viscoelastic Behaviour of Flexible Slabstock Polyurethane Foams as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity” Moreland et al: Dow

(vii) “An Integrated View of Reactive Urethane Foaming” Artavia et al: Dow

(viii) “Amine catalyst Characterization by a Foam Model Reaction” Listemann et al: Air Products

(ix) “An Automated Image Analysis Method for the Characterization of Flexible Foam Cellular Structure” Chaffanjon and Verhelst: ICI

(x) “The Effect of Foam density on Combustion Characteristics of Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Stone et al

(xi) “Combustion Modified Moulded Polyurethane Flexible Foam for the Furniture industry” Barker et al: ICI

(xii) “Recycling of Polyurethane Wastes and Mixed Polymer Wastes by Means of Alcoholysis Reaction” Bauer

4) Conference Proceedings “Polyurethanes World Congress” Amsterdam 1997

Includes:

(i) “Molecular Structure of the Hard Segments in Flexible Foams” Mertes et al: BASF

(ii) “Some Aspects of Matrix Formation of Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Falke et al: BASF

(iii) “Validation of TDI Emission Measurement Methodology using EPA Method 301” Elam and Burdette

(iv) “Determination of the Extractability of TDI from Commercial Polyurethane Foams in Air” Hugo et al: (Dow)

(v) “Reclamation of Urethane Foam from Automotive Seats” Martel

(vi) “Chemical Recycling of Polyurethanes and Applications for the Recyclates” You et al: BASF

(vii) “Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Air-purifying Respirator Cartridges in Removing TDI Aerosols from Air” Spence et al: Dow

(viii) “Nonisocyanate Polyurethane Materials” Figovsky et al (Abstract)

5) Conference Proceedings “Cellular Polymers” RAPRA, London 1991

Includes:

(i) “Assessment of Smoke Hazards from Cellular Plastics in Fires” P Briggs: ICI

(ii) “Reducing the Fire Hazards of Upholstered Furniture (Seating, Mattresses, and Bed assemblies)” Paul: RAPRA

(iii) “Advances in the Reduction of Smoke and Toxic Gases from Burning Polyurethane Foam” Buszard and Bentley: Ciba-Geigy

(iv) “Evaluation of the Thermal Properties of Cellular Polymers” Tye

(v) “Prediction of Cellular Structures in Polymer Foaming Processes” Shafi and Flumerfelt: Texas A & M Univ

(vi) “Energy Dissipation in Polyurethane Cushion Foams and its Role in Dynamic Ride Comfort” Hilyard et al

(vii) “Recycling of Polyurethane Waste” Simioni et al

6) API Meeting 2004 (e-version)

Includes:

(i) “Discolouration in Fire Retardant flexible Polyurethane foam” Levchik et al

(ii) “FTIR Analysis of Thermally Processed Polyurethane Foams” Hatchet et al

(iii) “Biomonoitoring of Diisocyanate Exposures: Pitfalls and Promises” Shiotsuku (Bayer)

(iv) “Measurement of Airborne MDI in the US Workplace” Booth et al

(v) “Chemical Recycling of Mixed Polyurethane Foam Stream recovered from Shredder Residue into Polyurethane Polyols” Sendijarevic

(vi) “Recycling Shredder Residue containing Plastics and Foam using a Thermal Conversion Process” Winslow et al

(vii) “Effect of pH and Buffers on Hydrolysis Rate of TDI and MDI based Ureas” Bailey et al

7) PFA Meeting Oct 2002 (e-version)

Includes:

(i) “TDI scrubber Technology in Australia” Sack (Pacific Dunlop)

(ii) “Adsorption of TDI using Activated carbon” Ecob (Camfil)

(iii) “Industrial Hygiene Sampling for Airborne TDI in Six Flexible Slabstock Foam manufacturing facilities in the US” Cummings (Bayer)

(iv) “Developing an Open Flame Ignition test method for Residential Mattresses” Damant (Inter City Testing)

8) “Guide to Flexible Polyurethane Foams” D. King: J. Tissue Viability 8, 1, 1998 (e-version)

9) “National Emission standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production – Final Rule” Federal Register 7 Oct 1998, 63(194) 40CFR Parts 9 and 63 (e-version)

10) “Flexible Foam Manufacturer’s Experience in Substituting CFC Blowing Agents” Creyf (Recticel/Europur) and Veenendaal (Recticel/PFA) (e-version)

11) “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer” UNEP Report, 2002 by rigid and flexible Foams Technical Options Committee (e-version)

12) “Flexible Polyurethane Foam Manufacture: An Assessment of Emission Control Options” Oct 1991 Center for Emissions Control, Washington DC (e-version)

13) Conference Proceedings “Cellular Polymers” RAPRA, Edinburgh 1993. Includes:

(i) “Glycolysis of Polyurethane and Polyurea Polymers” Rienzi et al, Padua Univ

(ii) “Polyurethane recycling – Status report” Kroesen and Hicks, ICI

(iii) “Polyurethanes are Recyclable” Ropte et al, BASF

(iv) “Recycling of Polyurethane Foam wastes using New Pulverisation Principle: Solid State Shear extrusion (SSSE)” Shutov et al Illinois Inst of Technology

14) “Flexible Polyurethane Foam – its selection and use” BRMA booklet (Undated but probably circa 1980)

15) “1998 UNEP Flexible and Rigid Foams Technical Options Report” Dec 1998

16) “Alternatives to Isocyanates for the production of polyurethane – A Critical Literature Review” B. Willoughby RAPRA CTR 37527 to BRMA (K. Hillier) 2001

17) “Environmental Legislation – Actions Taken by The Flexible Foam Industry” R. Hurd for BRMA: Cellular Polymers 11, (4) 279-287 (1992)

18) “Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foam” S. N. Singh RAPRA Review Report 142: 12, 10 (2002) (Includes 500+ RAPRA abstracts key-wording blowing agents.)

19) “High Resilience Polyurethane Foam” Schnabel and Calafati: US Patent 4035318 (1977) - use of bis(diisocyanatobenzyl)-chlorobenzene and/or diisocyanatophenyl-chlorophenylmethane (e-version of claims)

20) “Trimer and Allophanate modified Isocyanates, a process for their Production, Foams comprising these modified Isocyanates, and a process for the Production of these Foams” Garrett et al (Bayer) US Patent 2009/0292036A1 (2009)

21) “Processes for Polyurethane polymerization using polysilyl derivatives of germanium and tin as catalysts” Ionkin (Du Pont): Patent 7625992 (?) (2009) (e-version)

22) “Spectroscopic Study of the reaction of Glycol Ethers with Di-isocyanates, catalysed by Organo-tin Compounds” Lipatova et al: Polym. Sci.USSR 10, (7), 1799-1807 (1968) (e-abstract)

23) “Method for Producing Polyurethane-soft foam materials” Harre et al (BASF): Patent 7625954 (e-abstract)

24) “Effects of Castor Oil on the Physical Properties of Polyether Based Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Ogunleye et al (Nigeria): Adv. In Nat. Appl. Sci. 2(1), 10-15 (2008) (e-version)

25) “Soy-based Polyurethane Foam Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes” Liang, K and Shi, S (Mississippi State Univ): Key Engineering Materials Vol 419-420, 477-480 (2010) (e-version)

26) “Role of Silicone in Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Zhang et al (Univ Minnesota): J. Colloid Interface Sci. 215 270-279 (1999) (e-version)

27) “Process for preparing non-yellowing flexible polyurethane foams with high resiliency and durability” (from aliphatic isocyanates) WO 2007 142425 (e-abstract)

28) “Polyurethane Foams having a Disinfecting and/or Bleaching Effect” - comprising polymers of heterocyclic-N-vinyl monomers. Arlt et al (BASF & Recticel) US Applic 2010/0009011 (e-abstract)

29) “Process for making Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foams using mixtures of hydrofluorocarbon and methyl formate as a blowing agent” WO/2006/002043 (e-abstract)

30) “Monitoring of Lignin-based Polyurethane Synthesis by FTIR-ATR” Cateto et al: Industrial Crops and Products 27(2), 168-174 (2008) ISSN 0926-6690 (e-abstract)

B) FOAM FLAMMABILITY, FIRE, THERMAL DEGRADATION

Conference Proceedings “Fire Safety of Combustible Materials” Edinburgh University 1975

Contents now largely overtaken by more recent publications.

Conference Proceedings “Fire Hazards, Testing, Materials and Products” RAPRA 1997

Includes:

(i) “Fire Tests and Fire Hazards” Paul: RAPRA

(ii) “Usage of ISO 5660 data in UK Railway Standards and Fire Safety Cases” Duggan

(iii) “Fire Hazards and Upholstery Part 1. Ignition” Paul: RAPRA

(iv) “Fire Hazards and Upholstery Part 2. Fire Growth” Sundstrom: SP

(v) “Fire Smoke Toxicity” Fardell: Fire Research Station

(vi) “The Role of Flame Retardants in Reducing Fire Hazards” Buszard: FMC

Conference Proceedings “Fire and Cellular Polymers” QMC/Fire Research Station 1984

Includes:

(i) “Are Foams a Fire Hazard?” Wolley: Fire Research Station

(ii) “Fundamentals of the Fire Behaviour of Cellular Polymers” Drysdale; Univ Edinburgh

(iii) “Fire, Foam and Furniture” Paul: RAPRA

(iv) “Smoke Suppressants for PU Foams” Grayson et al: QMC

Conference Proceedings “Interflam” Cambridge 1996

Includes:

(i) “The Effect of Ventilation on the Fire Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” Goodall et al: Fire Research Station

(ii) “Prediction of Heat Release rate of Upholstered Furniture using Integral Formulation” Myllymaki: VTT

(iii) “Flame Spread and Heat Release Rate Model for a Burning Mattress” Baroudi and Kokkola: VTT

(iv) “A review of Large-Scale Fire testing focussing on the Fire Behaviour of Chemicals” Marlair et al INERIS (Includes TDI)

“The Use of Small Scale Fire test data for the Hazard Assessment of Bulk Materials” Foley & Drysdale, Edinburgh Univ HSE Report 113/1996 ISBN 0-7176-1202-3

“Loss Prevention Council Report TE90037 1991”(simulated block storage fires std & CM foam)

“Fire-LCA Model: Furniture Study” SP Report 2003:22 ISBN 91-7848-958X (e-version: copyright!) Recticel hold confidential information on the composition of the CME foams used in furniture construction.

(7a is summary report also e-version)

“Fire-LCA Model: TV Case Study” SP Report 2000:13 ISBN 91-7848-811-7

“LCA Study of Flame retardants in TV Enclosures” Simonson and Stripple Flame Retardants 2000, 159-169

“Fire Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses” Krasny, Parker & Babrauskas Noyes Publications 2001 ISBN 0-8155-1457-3 (Book)

Conference Proceedings “ Flame Retardants 90” Elsevier ISBN 1-85166-461-0

Includes:

(i) “Full-Scale Fire Testing of Automobiles” Ekman: Volvo

(ii) “Ignition of PUFs: A Comparison of Modified and Unmodified `` Foams” Drysdale and Thompson: Univ Edinburgh

(iii) “The Development of Toxic Hazard in Fires from Polyurethane Foams and the Effects of Fire Retardants” Purser: Huntingdon Res Centre

(iv) “Reducing Smoke and Toxic Gases from Burning Polyurethane Foam” Buszard and Bentley: Ciba-Geigy

(v) “Cone Calorimetry of CMHR Polyurethane Foam: An Evaluation of the Effects of Melamine Additive” Hume and Pettet: Warrington Fire Centre

(vi) “Flammability of Furnishings: Someone had to be first!” G.Damant; California BHF

(vii) “The Burning Behaviour of Domestic Upholstered Chairs Containing Different Types of Polyurethane Foams” Paul and King

Conference Proceedings “ Flame Retardants 92” Elsevier ISBN 1-85166-758X

Includes:

(i) “Heat Release Tests of Mattresses and Bedding Systems” Damant and Nurbakhsh: California BHF

(ii) “Application of the Cone Calorimeter with Polymeric Materials” Paul: RAPRA

Conference Proceedings “ Flame Retardants 98” Elsevier ISBN 0-9532312-08

Includes:

(i) “Risks and Benefits in the Use of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products” Stevens and Mann: Surrey Univ

(ii) “Fire Safety Improvements in the Combustion Toxicity Area: Is there a Role for LC₅₀ Tests?” Babrauskas

(iii) “How to Assess the Effect of an Individual Product on the Fire Hazard in a Real Occupancy” Hirschler: GBH

Conference Proceedings “ Flame Retardants 2002” Elsevier ISBN 0-9541216-0-0

Includes:

(i) “International Fire Statistics and the Potential benefits of Fire Counter-Measures” Elmsley, Lim, Stevens: Surrey Univ

(ii) “Developing an Open-Flame Ignition Standard for Residential Mattresses” G. Damant: Inter-City Testing

(iii) “Fire Effluent Analysis using Two Fire Models: Tubular Furnace and Smoke Chamber” Tallec et al.

(iv) “Fire Performance of Plastics in Car Interiors” Grayson and Hirschler: GBH

Conference Proceedings “ Flame Retardants 2004” Elsevier ISBN 0-9541216-2-7

Includes:

(i) “Fire-LCA Model: Furniture Case Study” Andersson, Simonson et al: SP

(ii) “Emissions of Flame Retardants from Selected Consumer Products and Building Materials” Hahn et al: BAM

(iii) “Understanding Flame Retardant Release to the Environment” Stevens et al: Surrey Univ

Conference Proceedings “The Flammability of Domestic Upholstered Furniture: New Government Legislation” London, 1979 (concerns introduction of cigarette)

“Europur Studies on Methods of Test for the Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” Creyf, Hurd, & King, Cellular Polymers 14 (4) 1995

“CBUF Fire Safety of Upholstered Furniture” Interscience

(Separately a Reg Hurd 35mm slide presentation of key issues and reservations presented at launch conference)

“The Burning behaviour of domestic Upholstered Chairs Containing Different Types of Polyurethane Foam” Paul and King, Fire Safety Journal, 1990, 16, 389-410

“Seminar Report – New furniture Legislation – Response to Public Pressure in the UK” J. Buist: J. Cellular Polymers, 1988, 7 322-336

“The making of a revolution” Furniture Manufacturer, 1987 674-678

“Heat Release in Fires” Babrauskas & Grayson, Elsevier 1992 ISBN 1-85166-794-6 (Book)

“Some Flammability Studies on Furniture Composites – A Comparison of

Data obtained from Full Scale Tests and from the Cone Calorimeter” Hurd, King & Powell, Cellular Polymers 10 (1) 1991 (plus response letters V. Babrauskas, K. Paul and BRMA authors)

NIST report NISTIR 5776 “Santa Anna Fire Department Experiments at South Bristol St” 1996

“Fire Standards in the international marketplace” Symposium report STP 1163, ASTM, 1995 (Containing “The Development and Evolution of the Cone calorimeter: A Review of 12 years of Research and Standardization” V.Babrauskus)

DTI letter 1988 exempting flame laminated foam from fillings flammability criteria in UK Regs.

“UK to ban PU foams” ed, Urethanes Technology, Feb/March,1988, 4-6

Hansard 1 July 1987, 600-608 and 29 June 1988, 381-394. (Parliamentary debate on introduction of 1988 flammability regulations)

“Firecode – Fire Safety in the NHS: Health Technical Memorandum 05-03: Part C: textiles and furnishings HMSO 2007, ISBN 978-0-11-322786-0

Conference Proceedings “1^st European conference on Flammability and Fire Retardants” Brussels 1977

Includes:

(i) “The Effect of Pyrolysis and Combustion Temperatures on Smoke Density” Edgerley and Pettett: ICI

(ii) “Application of a Test for Estimating the Realative Toxicity of Thermal Decomposition Products” Sakai and Okukubo

"Assessment of PU Foam Crumb according to SI 1324" DTI October 1997

“Report on the Recent Evolution of Fire Accidents in the United Kingdom” P Deheuvels, Paris

“Development of a Method Allowing to Define Security Rules for Particular Classes of Products, to be Enforced through Technical Standards by European Bodies under Mandate of the European Commission” P. Deheuvels, Final Report 28/02/03 (e-version)

"Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988". DTI June 2000

“International Fire Statistics and the Potential Benefits of Fire Counter-Measures” University of Surrey 2005 Report for EFRA

“Emissions from Fires – Consequences for Human Safety and the Environment” P. Blomquist PhD Thesis Univ Lund 2005 (e-version)

“Suitability and Preparation of Samples on the Cone Calorimeter” Toal et al, letter Fire Safety J. 1990, 16, 85-88

"Measurements of Heat Release from Upholstery Materials using the Cone Calorimeter" Creyf, Hurd & King: Cellular Polymers 14, 2, 118-156 1995

“Fire Retardant Foams” R.Hurd: Cellular Polymers ? 277-295

“Isocyanates in fire smoke can be more dangerous than carbon monoxide” T. Hertzberg: Brandposten 28, 8-9 (2003)

“Particles and Isocyanates from fires” Hertzberg, Blomquist, Dalene & Skarping: SP Report 2003:05 Brandforsk project 324-021, ISBN 91-7848-935-0 (e-version)

“Particles from Fires – A screening of common materials found in buildings” Hertzberg and Blomquist; Fire and Materials, 2003, 27, 295-314

“Isocyanates, aminoisocyanates and amines from fires – a screening of common materials found in buildings” Blomquist, Hertzberg, Dalene & Skarping: Fire and materials 27, 275-294 (2003)

“Assessment of Fire Safety requirements to Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses” A Steen-hansen and B. Kristoffersen SINTEF 2007 (e-version)

“Thermal decomposition, combustion, and fire retardancy of polyurethanes – a review of recent literature” Levchik and Well: Polym Int 2004, 53 1585-1610 (e-version)

NFPA 264A “Standard Method of Test for Heat Release Rates for Upholstered Furniture Components or Composites and Mattresses Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter” 1990 edition

“Burning characteristics of Newspapers and Ignition Sources used for Upholstered Composite Test; Evaluation of Report N6110 from LSF” K. Paul RAPRA CTR 24981, 1994

“Comparison of Test Results of BS6807 Section 4 sources 0 and 0/NS with Results of EN597-1 for Mattress Specimens” K. Paul RAPRA Report CTR 28671, 1996, for DTI

“An Assessment of Domestic Bed Assembly Fires and the Relative Roles of Bedding and Mattress in Fires” K. Paul RAPRA Draft Report CTR 30824, 1997, for DTI

“Development of a New Large Flaming Ignition Source for Upholstered Seating and Mattress Tests. Part 1: Characterisation of Ignition sources” Laperre and Paul, Cellular Polymers, 2002, 21, 3, 195-211

“Development of a New Large Flaming Ignition Source for Upholstered Seating and Mattress Tests. Part 2: Ignition behaviour of Different large Flaming Sources on Mattresses and Upholstered Composites” Laperre and Paul, Cellular Polymers, 2002, 21, 4, 265-287

“Development and Assessment of the Protocol to Determine the Ignitability of Upholstered Seating Composites using a Gas Flame Ignition Source Equivalent to a 20g Ball of Crumpled paper” Unpublished CEN Technical Report 2001 issued as BSI Doc No FW/6.0015/06 (e-version)

“Agreed Summary and Conclusions on Inter-laboratory Experiment on Larger Flame Ignition Sources” ISO/TC136/SC1/WG4 Doc N188

“Statistical Analysis of Round Robin of Large Gas Ignition Flame Tests with Seating and Mattress Upholstery Composites” DTI Report issued as CEN/TC207/WG6 N6145

“State of the Art of Upholstered Furniture reaction to fire; Test methods, evaluation and modelling techniques” CEN/TC 207/WG6 Report (undated)

“Investigation of Worst-case Testing Conditions of Cover Materials for Medium Risk Contract Furniture Applications” Marchant and Brighten, FIRA Report 1991

“Standard Test Method for measuring the Ignition strength of Cigarettes” ASTM E2187-04

“Comparisons of the Propensity of Fire Safe Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes to ignite Textile Materials used in the Domestic Environment” Fire Research Report 8/2005, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister

“Influence of Ignition Sources on Heat Release Rate” Soderbom, Van Hees and Meirsschaert ??

“Standard Flaming Ignition Sources for Upholstered Composites, Furniture and Bed assembly Test” Paul and Christian; J. Fire Sci. 1987 5 178-210

“Burning of small crib ignition sources” C. Holmlund VTT Research Report 669, 1988

Ignore! Duplicate of B143

“Assessing the Need for a Federal Small Open Flame/Cigarette Ignition Upholstered Furniture Flammability Standard” National Economic Research Associates, 2001 (The so-called “NERA Report” - heavily political, poor technical content!)

“The Europeans try the Cone Calorimeter for evaluating the Fire Safety of Furniture” U. Wickstrom: SP Laboratory (unknown reference)

“Calorimetric Combustion assessment of Polyurethane Flexible Foam and Fabric Composites” Vanspeysbroeck et al: Cellular Polymers? (date unknown)

“Smoke measurement and the Cone Calorimeter” Foley and Drysdale: Unknown reference, distributed in BSI 1994

“Flammability of Sets of Fabric/Foam Combinations for Use in Upholstered Furniture” Hirschler and Smith: Fire Safety J, 1990, 16, 13-31

“Some comments on the modes of action of nanocomposites in the flame retardancy of polymers” M Lewin: Fire and materials, 2003, 27, 1-7 (e-version)

“Nitrogen-containing Products from the Thermal Decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Woolley, Br Polymer J, 1972, 4, 27-43 (e-version)

“Pyrolyis of a flexible urethane Foam” Hileman, Einhorn et al: J Polym Sci, 1975, 13, 571-584 (e-version)

71. “Supertoxicant TMPP” R. Hurd, Confidential Summaries, 2000

71b D. King 2009 update (e-version)

71c Confidential report ICI “Polyurethane Foams: Aspects of the formation of trimethylolpropane phosphate on combustion

72. “Thermal Degradation of Polyether-Urethanes: Part 2- Influence of the Fire Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Thermal Degradation of Poly(ethylene glycol)” Grassie and Mendoza: Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1985, 10, 43-54 (e-version)

73. “Thermal Degradation of Polyether-Urethanes: Part 4- Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate on the Thermal Degradation of Polyether-Urethanes prepared from MDI and Low Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene glycols)” Grassie et al: Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1985, 11, 145-166 (e-version)

74. “Thermal Degradation of Polyether-Urethanes: Part 5 - Polyether-Urethanes prepared from MDI and High Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene glycols) and the Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate” Grassie et al: Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1985, 11, 359-379 (e-version)

75. “Toxic product yields and hazard assessment for fully enclosed design fires” Purser: Polym Int, 2000, 49, 1232-1255 (e-version)

76. “Thermal stability and fire properties of conventional flexible polyurethane formulations” Lefebre et al: Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2005, 88, 28-34 (e-version)

77. “Flexible Polyurethane Foam. 1. Thermal decomposition of a polyether-based, water-blown Commercial Type of Flexible polyurethane Foam” Ravey and Pearce: J Appl Polym Sci, 1997, 63, 47-74 (e-version)

78. “Fire retardant Studies on Polyurethane foams at Fire Research Laboratory, Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee” Singh et al: Unknown reference(e-version)

79. “Thermal degradation of isocyanate-based polymers – a literature review” III Report 26571, 2004

80. “Review and Analysis of Flammability Test Results on Upholstered Furniture Composite Mock Ups” Omega Point report 16411-109237 for API, 2001 (e-document)

81. “Combustion of Polyurethane Foam: Occurrence of Isocyanates” P. Maddison review, 2003 (e-document)

82. “The UK Experience” R. Marchant presentations to API 2004 (e-version)

83. “World Fire Statistics 24” October 2008 (e-version)

84. “Extreme Toxicity from Combustion Products of a Fire-Retarded Polyurethane Foam” Petajan, Einhorn et al: Science 187, 742-744 (1975) (e-version)

85. Fyrol 6 MSDS detailing composition 25/5/06 (e-version)

86. “Plastics 2006/2007 Flame Retardants, Fire safety, Environmental Aspects” Troitzsch book held by D. Waite

87. “Human survivability in motor vehicle fires” Digges et al: Fire Mater 2008, 32 249-258 (e-version)

88. “Flammability Assessment Methodology for Mattresses” Ohlemiller et al NISTIR 6497, 2000

89. “Flammability Tests of Full-Scale Mattresses: gas Burners versus Burning Bedclothes” Ohlemiller NISTIR 7006, 2003

90. “Estimating Reduced Fire Risk resulting from an Improved mattress Flammability Standard” Ohlemiller and Gann NIST Technical Note 1446, 2002

91. “Effect of Bed Clothes Modifications on Fire Performance of Bed Assemblies” Ohlemiller and Gann NIST Technical Note 1449, 2003

92. “Flammability Assessment Methodology for Mattresses Ohlemiller et al (2000)

93. “Smoke and Toxic Gas From Burning Polyurethane Foam” Grayson et al QMC Final Report for BRMA, 1977

94. “Smoke and Toxic Gas From Burning Polyurethane Foam” Grayson et al QMC Report for BRMA, December 1981

95. “Smoke and Toxic Product Suppression in Flexible Polyurethane Foam VI” J. Hume, QMC Final Report for BRMA, March 1984 (plus annex)

96. “Report of the Round Robin about Ignition of Upholstered Seats according to EN 1021-1 and -2. Comparison between the existing protocol and the revised one” A. Sainrat, LNE report for DG3, 1997

97. Warrington Fire Research reaction to fire tests for BRMA (FFR) Report Warres No 117867 (2001). This compares foam and fibre infills in chair and mattress mock ups.

98. “Combustion Behaviour of Furniture in an Enclosed 30m³ Test Room” Purser, Fardell et al, BRE Report TCR 199/98 for BRMA, 1998. (Describes vitiated burns, with tenability monitoring, of custom made armchairs of following composition

Std foam/FR cotton,

Std foam/FR Acrylic,

CMHR/FR cotton,

CME/FR cotton,

HR foam/FR cotton

Ignition source was the CBUF gas burner Results are compared to Purser tube data previously described in report TCR10/98) (see ref B140)

(Also separately some photographs of burned chairs)

99. QMC cone calorimeter tests for BRMA, Project 1470 (1989)

Std polyether/untreated acrylic 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

CMHR 35/untreated cotton 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

CMHR 35/untreated acrylic 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

Graphite/untreated acrylic 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

Barrier foam/untreated acrylic 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

CMHR back/FR cotton 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

CMHR crumb/untreated cotton 10, 17.5 and 30 kW/m²

CMHR (34kg/m³)/wool mix 10 and 17.5kW/m²

Graphite (37kg/m³)/wool mix 17.5kW/m²

Graphite (51kg/m³)/wool mix 10kW/m²

Monitoring of heat release, smoke CO, CO₂(CMHR foam was from Beaverfoam and graphite foams from Dunlop)

100. “Smoke from Burning Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Hume et al: Fire and Materials Ltd, Project ref 00517 undated report on work for BRMA to evaluate pyromellitate ester smoke suppressants.

101. “Europur FlammabilityStudy on Chairs and Composites” Report A – Measurements made using Full-scale Calorimeters” Colwell et al: BRE Report TCR 11A/93 (1993).

Tests were conducted on purpose built chairs comprising the following

Std polyether/cotton

FR polyether/cotton

HR/cotton

CMHR/cotton

Polyester fibre/cotton

Latex/cotton

Std Polyether/FR cotton

FR polyether/FR cotton

HR/FR cotton

CMHR/FR cotton

Std ether/acrylic

Polyester fibre/acrylic

Test regime was furniture calorimeter plus in some cases room/corridor. Ignition source was 30KW gas burner

Chair construction is detailed in annex (see ref B146)

102. “Europur FlammabilityStudy on Chairs and Composites” Report B – Measurements made using a Cone Calorimeter” Colwell et al: BRE Report TCR 11B/93 (1993).

Tests were conducted on foam/fabric combinations from the above group, using irradiance of 30 kW/m². (See also ref B 139)

103. “Europur FlammabilityStudy on Chairs and Composites” Annex A1 – Full-scale Calorimeter Test Data – Furniture calorimeter Tests” Colwell et al: BRE Report TCR 11A1/93 (1993).

104. “Europur FlammabilityStudy on Chairs and Composites” Annex A2 – Full-scale Calorimeter Test Data – Room Calorimeter Tests” Colwell et al: BRE Report TCR 11A2/93 (1993).

(Also videos of the various fires in this work package)

105. QMC cone calorimeter tests for BRMA, Project 1446 (1988)

S500 CMHR/wool mix cover 30kW/m²

DX 35/ wool mix cover 30kW/m²

Monitoring of heat release, smoke CO, CO₂(S500 CMHR foam was a known Beaverfoam grade. DX35 was 50kg/m3 material ex Dunlop)

106. “BRMA Fully Furnished Room Burns Part 1 – Acrylic Fabric Covered Suites” K. Paul et al RAPRA Project G0745 (28/10/87)

Single armchair plus settee in following constructions:

Std polyether/acrylic

HR + barrier foam interliner, seat and full depth barrier foam, back/acrylic

CMHR (35kg/m³ Beaverfoam)/acrylic

CMHR (50kg/m³ Vitafoam)/acrylic

CM graphite (Dunlop DX67)/acrylic

HR/acrylic

(Also separately videos of the various fires in this work package, plus some still photographs)

107. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Fully Furnished Room Burns” K. Paul et al RAPRA Project G0745/G1916 for BRMA (23/02/88)

Single armchair plus settee in following constructions:

Std polyether/acrylic

HR/acrylic

CMHR (35kg/m³ Beaverfoam)/acrylic

CMHR (50kg/m³ Vitafoam)/acrylic

CM graphite (Dunlop DX67)/acrylic

HR + barrier foam interliner/acrylic

Mineral fibre/acrylic

HR/cotton

CMHR (35kg/m³ Beaverfoam)/cotton

HR/wool mix

108. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Fully Furnished Room Burns” K. Paul et al RAPRA Project H0837 for BRMA (20/07/88)

Single armchair plus settee in following constructions:

CMHR/Wool

Polyester fibre/acrylic

Cotton wadding/acrylic

Foam was known Beaverfoam grade

(Also separately videos of the various fires in this work package, plus some still photographs)

109. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns Part 1” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 22551 Project M1570 for FFR (19/03/93)

Single armchairs of the following constructions:

Std polyether/FR cotton

CMHR/FR cotton

FR ether/FR cotton

FR ether/FR cotton + FR cotton interliner

Std polyether/cotton

CMHR/cotton

Std polyether/acrylic

CMHR foam was known Recticel grade. Ignition source was NIST gas burner.

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

110. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns Part 2 Test Results for Room/Corridor Burns” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 22552 Project M1570/2 for FFR (19/03/93)

111. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns Part 3 Test results for California TB133 based Procedures” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 22561 Project M1570/3 for FFR (19/03/93)

112. “Burning Behaviour of Mock-up Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 22955 Project N0525 for FFR (20/04/93)

Mock ups of the following construction tested to TB133 criteria:

FR ether/FR cotton

CMHR/FR cotton

CME/FR cotton

Std polyether/FR cotton

(This project was aimed and characterizing newly developed CME versus CMHR and non combustion modified materials)

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

113. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns – Fire test data for tests 2/1 to 2/11” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 17366 Project J1548 for BRMA (24/11/89)

Single armchairs and mock ups of the following constructions ignited by cribs and also evaluated to TB133 criteria:

HR + barrier foam interliner/acrylic

CMHR/FR acrylic

CMHR/FRcotton

Std polyether/FR cotton

Graphite CM/wool-cotton

Graphite foam was supplied by Dunlop and CMHR was known Beaverfoam grade

114. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns – California TB133 based procedures. Fire test data for tests 2/1 to 2/11” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 17367 Project J1548 for BRMA (24/11/89)

115. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns – Rate of Heat Release data for all tests (1 to 17 and 2/1 to 2/11” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 17368 Project J0397/J1548 for BRMA (24/11/89)

116. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns – Photographic record of tests 2/1to 2/11” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 17369 Project J1548 for BRMA (28/11/89)

117. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns – Summary and Conclusions” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 17392 Project J0397/J1548 for BRMA (30/11/89)

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

118. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns, California TB133 based procedures.” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 16854 Project J0397 for BRMA (3/8/89)

119. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns, Photographic Record of Tests.” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 16888 Project J0397 for BRMA (8/8/89)

120. “Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture in Room Burns” 2 Volumes. K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR 16892 Project J0397 for BRMA (14/8/89)

Single armchairs and mock ups of the following constructions ignited by cribs and also evaluated to TB133 criteria:

Std polyether/acrylic

CMHR/acrylic

Graphite CM/acrylic

HR + barrier foam interliner/acrylic

CMHR/FR acrylic

CMHR crumb/cotton

Graphite CM/FR cotton

CMHR/wool-cotton

Graphite foam was supplied by Dunlop and CMHR was known Beaverfoam grade

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

121. RAPRA errata letter (18/12/89) to accompany some of the above reports

122. Warrington Fire research Centre: Report 38404 (December 1986). Describes a series of fire tests for BRMA on simulated chair mock-ups. (This was a very early heat release project, since which time many improvements have been made and lessons learned. Therefore of very little value regarding current materials and techniques but it is a useful source of information on now-illegal constructions including several non-foam fillings).

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

123. “Product Selection and Procurement of Furniture for the CBUF Project” S. Brighten FIRA (1994) (Background report for Ref B18 which describes constructions in fine detail. CMHR was supplied by Beaverfoam)

124. “Assessment of PU Foam crumb According to SI 1324” K. Paul et al: RAPRA CTR28033 1996 (Confidential report to DTI of all tests conducted, with our support, in advance of publication of ref B31)

125. “Fire Testing of Tempur-Pedic mattress to BS7177 and the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988 and Amendments” Clarke and Paul; RAPRA CTR33884 (1999) for Vitafoam

126. “TDI Monitoring carried out in Emissions from Furniture Test Burns at FRS BRE Garston on behalf of Europur” Barry Fisher: Report 98215 (1998) This constitutes an annex to reference no B.98

127. “Flame Retardant Release from Foams: Phase 1” G.Stevens et al: Surrey Univ Report for EFRA PRC/77/2003/FREC (2005) File also includes industry Comment document (e-version)

128. Annexes to the above (e-folder)

129. “Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire Retarded and non-Fire retarded Products” Babrauskas et al; NBS Special Publication 749 (1988)

130. “An Appraisal of the CBUF Research Report” BRMA position document GA S248 (1995) No authorship but almost certainly written by D. King

131. “Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1987”Home Office ISBN 0-86252-407-5

132. “Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1988”Home Office ISBN 0-86252-502-0

133. “Casualties from Fires” Extract from Home Office Statistics 1994

134. “Summary Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1995” Home Office ISSN 0143 6384

135. “Summary Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1995” Home Office

136. “Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1997” Home Office ISSN 0143 6384

137. “Fire Statistics United Kingdom 1998” Home Office ISSN 0143 6384

138. “Fire Statistics Estimates United Kingdom 1999” Home Office ISSN 0135 8510

139. “Europur Flammability Study on Chairs and Composites” Annex B1 – Small Scale Calorimeter test data – Cone calorimeter Tests” Colwell et al: BRE Report TCR 11B1/93 (1993). (See also ref B102)

140. “A Study of the Main Combustion Products of Various materials” Prepared for BRMA. Rowley and Purser BRE Report TCR 10/98 (1998) (See also ref B98)

Single component ventilated burns in Purser tube investigating the following:

Std polyether

CMHR

CME

FR ether

Acrylic fabric

Wool fabric

FR cotton

Polyamide flock fabric

Chipboard

Polyester (?) wadding

(Also separately videos of the various burns)

141. “The Burning Behaviour of a range of Foam Fillings and Covers used in Upholstered Furniture” Warrington Fire Research Centre: Report 44702for BRMA (June 1986).

Describes a series of heat release tests on furniture mock ups containing:

Mineral fibre/acrylic

Cotton flock/acrylic

CMHR crumb/cotton

Graphite CM/wool

Barrier foam wrap/acrylic

CMHR/wool

HR/cotton

CMHR/acrylic

HR/acrylic

CMHR/cotton

Graphite CM supplied by Dunlop, CMHR by Beaverfoam (Known grades)

(DAK annex notes describe some foams and analysis of fomas present in furniture previously burned by BRE)

142. World Fire Statistics Vol 22 (2006)

143. “Furniture with High Fire Resistance is good for the Environment” Andersson and Simonson: Brandposten 29 12-13 (2004) SP Laboratory, Sweden

144. Mattress/Bedding Fires: Statistics and Fire Data Associated with Recent Experience” M Hirchler: unknown reference but possibly Flame Retardants 2000

145. “Combustion of Polyurethane Foam: Occurrence of Isocyanates” P. Maddison GIL 2003 (Literature review)

146. Chair construction details – annex to ref B101 above.

147. “Regulatory Issues and Flame Retardant Usage in Upholstered Furniture in Europe” Guillaume et al LNE: Proceedings Fireseat Conf 2008 (some of the technical content is either questionable or inaccurate) (e-version)

148. “Some Comparisons of the Performance in Fire of Polyurethane Flexible Foams and Other materials in a Small-scale Simulation of a Woolworths Type Fire” Fishbein et al, BRMA see Cellular Polymers 2, 1-29 (1983)

(Separately a collection of still photographs)

149. “Polyurethane and Fires – The Role of Thermal Decomposition Products on Life Risk” Jeffs and Sand (ICI & BASF) see Cellular Polymers 3, 401-409 (1984)

150. “Fire, Foams and Furniture” K. Paul (RAPRA) see Cellular Polymers 4, 195-223 (1985)

151. Europur Draft 3 Reg Hurd 2001 “ Document contesting claims that PU Foam is the main source of heat, smoke and gases in furniture fires”

152. BRMA compilation of background testing against FIRA/DTI grid system and development of 60g weight loss limit in Schedule 1 Part I

153. Armada Tempur video – Vitafoam crib 5 tests comparing (non-conforming) Tempur visco with genuine CMVE

154. “Fire Safety and TV Sets... What you should know” Video EFRA/EBRFIP

155. “Numerical Simulation of Fire Spread on Polyurethane Foam Slabs” Ohlemiller et all, NIST unknown reference (e-version)

156. “Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: final Report” National Academies Press Washington DC (2008) ISBN 0-309-12561-8 http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12467.html (e-version)

157. “Development and Assessment of the Protocol to Determine the Ignitability of Upholstered Seating Composites using a Gas Flame Ignition Source equivalent to a 20gram ball of crumpled paper” CEN TC207 document issued by BSI as FW/6 01/709301 (2001)

158. “A Statistical Report to Investigate the Effectiveness of the Furniture and Furnishings (Fire) (Safety) Regulations 1988” Greenstreet and Berman December 2009

159. “Moulded Flexible Polyurethane Foams with Reduced Flammability and Superior Durability” WO/2006/039298 (e-abstract, trimerisation but no obvious FR additives)

160. “The Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Soft Furnishings” Ohlemiller et al: NIST Special Publication 851 (1993) (e-summary)

161. “The Toxicity of the Airborne Combustion Products of Polyurethane Foams” III Bulletin 4 (October 1980) (e-version)

And Lost in Recticel:

162. “The Thermal Decomposition Behaviour of some commercially available Flexible Polyurethane Foams” W. D. Woolley et al, Fire Research Note 913, FRS 1972

163. “Fire Hazards of Plastics in Furniture and Furnishings: ignition studies” K. N. Palmer & W. Taylor, BRE Report CP18/74 (1974)

164. “The Rate of Heat, Smoke and Toxic Gases release from Polyurethane Foams” R. M. Hetherington 4^th Int Conf on Fire Safety, San Francisco 1979

165. “Combustion Characteristics of Polyurethane Foams Covered with fabrics” – An SPI research Project” J. A. Gallagher & W. E. Zirk, 33^rd SPI Conference, 1990 (Contains some data on uncovered foams)

166. “Foams for all reasons – Technology fights the fire issue” K. T. Paul, Urethanes technology, June 1987

167. “Fire Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” V. Babrauskas & J. Krasny, NBS Monograph 173 (1985)

168. “Fire Performance of Furnishings as measured in the NBS furniture Calorimeter” J. R. Lawson et al NBISR 83-2787 (1984) but also contained in Hurd archive

169. “The production of Oxides of Carbon from the Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foams” W. D. Woolley & A. I. Wadley, Fire Research Note 966, FRS 1973

170. “The production of free Tolylene Diisocyanate from the Thermal and Thermal-Oxidative decomposition of Flexible Polyurethane Foams” W. D. Woolley & A. I. Wadley, Fire Research Note 947, FRS 1972

171. BRMA Red booklet “ Flexible Polyurethane Foam - Misconceptions”

172. BRMA Red book “ Flexible Polyurethane Foam – The Facts”

173. “Measurement of Smoke in Large Scale Fires” K. T. Paul, Fire Safety Journal 5, 89-102 1983

174. “Fire Hazards of Plastics in Furniture and Furnishings: characteristics of the burning” K. N. Palmer, W. Taylor & K. Paul , BRE Report CP3/75 (1975) but also contained in Hurd archive

175. “Fire Hazards of Plastics in Furniture and Furnishings: fires in furnished rooms” K. N. Palmer, W. Taylor & K. Paul , BRE Report CP21/76 (1976) but also contained in Hurd archive

176. “The ignition and burning characteristics of fabric covered foams” D. Woolley et al, BRE Report CP30/78 (1978) but also contained in Hurd archive

177. “Fire Behaviour of Beds and Bedding materials” W. D. Woolley et al, Fire Research Note 1038, FRS 1975

178. “Heat Release and the Combustion Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” P. A. Enright, PhD Thesis, Univ of Canterbury, New Zealand 1999 (obtainable at http://ipac.canterbury.ac.nz)

179. “The Combustion Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture materials in New Zealand” H. A. Denize MSc Thesis University of Canterbury(obtainable at http://ipac.canterbury.ac.nz)

180. "Reaction to Fire of Modern UK Furniture" Marchant: FIRA Furniture Research Manual 58. March 1991

C) FLAME RETARDANTS

1) Flame Retardant/Melamine Blend Ratio Effects on High Resilient Foam processing and properties” Puig et al Proceedings 32nd Annual Polyurethane Technical/Marketing Conf, 1989 218-222

2) “Risks and Benefits in the use of Flame Retardants in Consumer Products” Univ of Surrey 1999. DTI ref URN 98/1026

3) “The Thermal Behaviour of Melamine” Van Der Plaats et al. DSM Unknown ref

4) “Tris(dichloropropyl) phosphate, a Mutagenic Flame retardant: Frequent Occurrence in Human seminal Plasma” T, Hudec et. al. Science, 1981 211 951-2

5) “Brominated natural products at different trophic levels in the Baltic Sea” A. Malmvarn, PhD Thesis Stockholm Univ 2007 (e-version)

6) “Permanence of Flame Retardance in Flexible Polyurethane Foams” R. McBrayer: J. Cell Plastics 1978, 224-233

7) “Some Aspects of the Behaviour of Halogen Containing Phosphates and Phosphonates in Urethane Foams” Crook and Haggis: J Cell Plastics, 1969, 119-122

8) “Organophosphate flame retardants in surface water” Bester et al: Conf paper Univ of Dortmund, 2003 (e-version)

9) “Smoke and toxic gas suppressant system” Smith, Grayson and Hume GB 2107369A (The QMC research for BRMA on PU Smoke suppression)

10) “TMCP Reverse mutation assay Ames test using Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia Coli” Safepharm Laboratories Confidential report 442/7, 1992 (e-version)

11) “In vitro percutaneous absorption of C¹⁴ TCPP through human skin membranes using flow-through diffusion cells” TNO report V6578/02 for PEFRC, 2005 (e-version)

12) “Investigation of TCPP loss by Volatility at Ambient Temperature and Pressure from Small particles of a Flexible Polyurethane Foam by GC-MS” Hall Analytical Report HAL05-295 for Europur 2005

13) “Solid state C¹³ and in situ H¹ NMR study on the effect of melamine on the thermal degradation of a flexible polyurethane foam” Dick, Liggat et al (Univ Strathclyde) Polym Int, 2000, 49, 1177-1182

14) “Polyurethane Foam as a source of PBDEs in the environment” Wilford et al: PhD Thesis abstract, Lancaster Univ, 2003 (e-document)

15) “Fire Retarded Flexible Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foam” WO 2006/003421 A1, Strathclyde Univ (e-version)

16) “Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected Organochlorines in Human Breast Milk Samples from the UK” Kalantzi et al Lancaster University undated abstract

17) “Flame retardant Release and regulatory developments in Europe” G. Stevens et al: Surrey Univ written testimony to CPSC June 2002

18) “Environmental Profiles of Chemical Flame-Retardant Alternatives for Low Density PU Foam” K. Vokes EPA DfE Program (Potential alternatives to PBDE Presentation to PFA?)

19) “EU Study Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardants in the Industry of Upholstered Furniture and related Articles” Binetti et al Final Report ETD/91/88-5300/MI/44 Dec 1992 (abstract) (e-version)

20) “Screening of New Contaminants in Samples from the Norwegian Arctic” A. Evenset et al: Norwegian Pollution Control Authority SPFO Report 1049/2009 TA-2510/2009 ISBN 978-82-449-0065-2 (e-version)

21) “Flexible Polyurethane Foam with the Flame-retardant Melamine” Konig et al: J. Cell. Plastics 44, 469-480 (2008) (e-version)

22) “Flame Retardants in the Indoor Environment, Part I: Specification of the Problem and Results of Screening Tests” Pardemann et al: Proc Healthy Buildings, Helsinki Finland 4, 125-130 (2000) edit Seppanen and Sateri (e-version)

23) “Flame Retardants in the Indoor Environment, Part II: Release of VOCs (triethyl phosphate and halogenated degradation products) from polyurethane” Salthammer et al: Indoor Air 13, 49-52 (2003) (e-version)

24) “Flame Retardants in Indoor Air at an Electronics Recycling Plant and at Other Work Environments” Sjodin et al Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 448-454 (2001) (e-version)

25) “Flame Retardants and Plasticisers on Particulate – In the Modern Computerized Indoor Environment” Bergman et al Dioxin 97, Organohalogen Compounds 33, 414-419 (1997) (e-version)

26) “Levels and Sources of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Indoor and Outdoor Environments” A Markland: Univ Umea Thesis 2005 ISBN 91-7305-930-7 (e-version)

27) “Assessment of Extinguishing Waters from Intermediate-Scale Fire Tests” Ecker, Pohl, Wieneke and Wittbecker: Unpublished text (rejected by journal) together with Europur note on foam formulations and flame retardants employed

28) “Brominated Flame Retardants: Guardian Angels with a bad streak?” UBA April (2008) (e-version)

29) “Alternatives to DecaBDE in Electronics and Textile Products” T. Greiner: Pure Strategies Inc (2005) (e-version)

30) “Survey and Technical assessment of alternatives to DecaBDE in textile applications” S. Posner KEM Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate (2004) (e-version)

31) “DecaBDE: An Investigation of Non-halogen Substitutes in Electronic Enclosure and Textile Applications” Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, Univ Massachusetts (2005) (e-version)

32) “A New Rapid Analysis Method for Flame Retardants in Polymers” Baird, Stevens et al (ICL-IP and Surrey Univ): Fire and Materials Symposium, San Francisco (Jan 2009) (e-version) Full conference proceedings available from Interscience Communications)

33) “Flame Retardants Suitable for Use in Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams” World Patent/2009/029378 – Unknown inventor(s) (e-version of Abstract)

34) “Ten Year Storage Studies on Flame Retarded Polyurethane Foam” King, Walker, Harman: Cellular Polymers 28, (5) 325 – 344 (2009) (e-version)

35) “Flame retardants suitable for use in Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams” WO/2009/029378 (e-abstract)

36) “Flame Resistant Polyurethane Foam” (Rigid with melamine) US 4221875 Bridgestone (e-abstract)

37) Interim Melamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment. http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/PeerReviewofScientificInformationandAssessments/ucm155012.htm

38) “BFRs – an Environmental Agency review” S. Dungey (e-version) http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/documents/Miscellaneous/POPSSeminar4_SteveDungey.pdf

39) “Brominated Flame retardants - Substance flow Analysis and Assessment of Alternatives” Danish EPA Report 494 (1999) (e-version) http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/1999/87-7909-416-3/html/default_eng.htm

40) “Discolouration in Fire-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Levchik et al: J. Cell. Plast. (2005) 41, 235 – 250 (e-version)

D) TDA

1) “Toluenediamine in polyurethane foams Hazard or Artefact?” Hall, van Parys & Young: Plastics Rubber and Composites 30, 9 2001 (e-version)

2) “Degradation of Polyurethanes” F. Van Parys: MSc Dissertation 1999 (e-version)

3) “Risk evaluation of occupational exposure to methylene dianiline and toluene diamine in polyurethane foam” Lewandowki, Hayes & Beck: Human and Experimental Toxicology (2005) 24 655-662

4) “Reaction of Polyurethane Foam with Dry Steam: Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions” Gerlock et al (Ford) J Appl Polymer Sci 18, 541-557 (1980)

5) “Method for the Determination of residual TDA in Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Isopa, 1997

6) III Report 11265, 1997“Determination of the quantum yield and assessment of the environmental half-life of the direct photodegradation of 4,4’-MDA in water”

7) III Report 11266, 1997“Determination of the quantum yield and assessment of the environmental half-life of the direct photodegradation of 2,4-TDA in water”

8) III Report 11329 2000 “Two methods for the Determination of the TDA content of Flexible Polyurethane foams”

9) III Report 11333 1999 “Evaluation of the risk of possible adverse health effects from handling or use of Polyurethane Products”

10) III Report 11367 2000 “Robust method for the determination of the TDA content of Flexible Foams”

11) III Report 11376 2000 “Generation of defined amounts of TDA in Flexible Polyurethane Foam” (e-version)

12) III Report 11383 2000 “Generation of defined amounts of MDA in Flexible Polyurethane Foam” (e-version)

13) III Report 11384, 2000“Risk evaluation of the use of (TDI based) polyurethane as polymer in various products”

14) III Report 11397 Version 2 2000 “Robust Method for the determination of the TDA content of Flexible Foams” (Contained in Isopa Artimino presentation 2000)

15) III Report 11398 2000 “Studies on the migration of 2,4- and 2,6- TDA from Flexible Foam – feasibility study” (Contained in Isopa Artimino presentation 2000)

16) III Report 11399 2000 “Robust Method for the determination of the MDI content of Flexible Polyurethane Foams”

17) III Report 11425 2001 “Emission rates of MDA and TDA from flexible foam” (e-version)

18) III Report 11429 2001 “Migration of MDA from Moulded Polyurethane Foams” (e-version)

19) III Report 11435 2001 “Analysis, migration and fate of MDA and TDA in flexible foam. Application to the risk evaluation of consumer products” (e-version)

20) III Report 11437 2001 “Fate of MDA in flexible moulded foam” (e-version)

21) III Report 11438 2001 “Disappearance of TDA in Flexible Polyurethane Foam” (e-version)

22) III Report 11439 2001 “Risk evaluation of MDI-based polyurethane as polymer in various products” (e-version)

23) III Report 11440 2001 “Robust methods for the determination of the TDA and MDA content of Flexible polyurethane foams: compilation report” (e-version)

24) III Report Version 2 2001 “Migration of TDA from Flexible polyurethane foams: main study” (e-version)

25) III Report 251036 2001 “The fate of TDA in Flexible Foams – possible chemical explanations” (e-version)

26) III Report 241296 2001 Risk assessment. Evaluation of product safety; principles and practical advice“(e-version)

27) "An investigation into Claims that TDA is present in Polyurethane Flexible Foams" Hillier, King, Kronborg-Hansen & Schupp: Cellular Polymers, Vol 20, No. 4, 279-294, 2001

28) “Analysis of the extractive and hydrolytic behaviour of microthane poly(ester-urethane) foam by high pressure liquid chromatography” Amin et al: J Biomed Mater Res, 1993, 27, 655-666

29) “Investigation into the fate of 2,4-TDA in air” LGC Reporst LGCNW 1328, 2051, 3263, 2000-1

30) “The Risk of Cancer caused by Textiles and Leather Goods Coloured with Azo Dyes” LGC report for EC, 1998

31) “Diaminotoluenes” Environmental Health Criteria, 74 WHO1987 ISBN 92 4 154274 8

32) “The fate of TDA in Flexible Foams: possible chemical explanations” K. Seel Bayer letter 25 1036, 2000

33) “Sorption and Microbial Degradation of TDA and MDA in Soil under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions” Cowen et al: Environ Sci Technol, 1998, 32, 598-603

34) “Potential Health Effects of Exposure to MDA and TDA during Polyurethane Foam Manufacturing” Lewandowski et al Unknown reference (e-version)

35) “Extractable organic compounds in polyurethane foam with special reference to aromatic amines and derivatives thereof” Marand, Skarping et al: Analytica Chimica Acta 2004, 510, 109-119

36) R. Hurd compilation on TDA/Skarping 1998-99 including Skarping et al: “Rapport isocyanater” preliminary report (in Swedish)

37) “Determination of aromatic amines in aqueous extracts of polyurethane foam using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry” Johnson et al (Stockholm Univ): Anal. Chim. Acta. 678 (2010) 117-123 (e-version)

E) TDI, ISOCYANATES, ASTHMA, MORBIDITY

1) “International Consensus report on : Isocyanates – Risk assessment and Management ” Norway 2001

2) III Report 25 1284 “Diisocyanates and Indoor Air” GIL 2004(e-version)

3) “Incidence of cancer and exposure to toluene diisocyanate and MDI: a cohort base case-referent study in the polyurethane foam manufacturing industry” Hagmar et al (Lund): British J. Ind. Medicine 1993 50, 1003-7

4) “Identification of the isocyanates generated during the thermal degradation of a polyurethane car paint” Pauluhn et al: J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2004, 71, 791-802 (e-version)

5a) “Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines. Part 1 Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection of Monomeric and Polymeric Isocyanates as their Dibutylamine Derivatives” Spanne, Tinnerberg, Dalene & Skarping: Analyst, 1996, 121, 1095-1099

5b) “Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines. Part 2 TDI and aminoisocyanate and TDA after Thermal Degradation of a TDI-Polyurethane” Tinnerberg, Spanne, Dalene & Skarping: Analyst, 1996, 121, 1101-1106

5c) “Determination of Complex Mixtures of Airborne Isocyanates and Amines. Part 3 MDI, methylenediphenylamino isocyanate and MDA and Structural Analogues after Thermal Degradation of Polyurethane” Tinnerberg, Spanne, Dalene & Skarping: Analyst, 1997, 122, 275-278

5c) “Determination of complex mixtures of airborne isocyanates and amines. Part 5 determination of low molecular weight aliphatic isocyanates as dibutylamine derivatives” Karlson, Dalene & Skarping: Analyst July 1998 123, 1507-1512

6) “The Determination of the Ability of Polyurethane foam to Release Toluene Diisocyanate into Air” Hugo, Spence & Lickly: Appl. Occup. Environ. Hygiene, 2000, 15 (6) 512-519

7) “Gas chromatographic determination of free toluene diisocyanate in flexible urethane foams” Conte & Cossi: Elsevier 1981?

8) “Mortality of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate in the polyurethane foam industry” Schnorr et al: Occup. Environ. Medicine 1996, 53, 703-7

9) “An epidemiology study of lung function changes of toluene diisocyanate foam workers in the UK” Clark et. al: Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health ,1998, 71 169-179

9a) “A 17 year epidemiological study on changes in lung function in toluene diisocyanate foam workers” Clark, Bugler et al unknown reference Project 145-EU-MTX “Extension of the UK lung function decrement epidemiological study (E-B-11: Clark et al)

10) “Cancer incidence and mortality in the Swedish polyurethane foam manufacturing industry” Hagmar et al British J. Ind. Medicine 1993 50, 537-543

11) “Do you work with isocyanates and Polyurethane? Warning! New risks identified!” Joint Industrial safety Council, Sweden 1999

12) “Cancer incidence and mortality of isocyanate exposed workers from the Swedish polyurethane foam industry: updated findings 1959-98” Hagmar et al Occup Environ Med, 2004, 61, 432-437

13) “Mortality and cancer morbidity of production workers in the UK flexible polyurethane foam industry” Sorahan & Pope, Brit J Ind Med, 1993, 50, 528-536

14) “Mortality and cancer morbidity of production workers in the UK flexible polyurethane foam industry: updated findings 1958-98” Sorahan & Nichols, Occup. Environ. Medicine 2002, 59, 751-758

14a Letter to editor by Franklin E Mirer on behalf of International Union UAW (e-version)

14b “Mortality results for Polyurethane manufacture Understated” Mirer: Occup. Environ. Med. 60, 459-60 (2003) (e-abstract)

15) “Determination of Free Toluene Diisocyanates in Flexible Polyurethane Foams using Negative Chemical-ionization Mass Spectrometry” Jedrzejczak & Gaind. Analyst 1993, 118, 149-152

16) “A Survey of Airborne Isocyanate Exposure in 13 Swedish Polyurethane Industries” Sennbro et al: Ann.Occup Hyg., 2004, 48, 5, 405-414

17) “Mutagenic testing of Workers Exposed to Toluene Diisocyanates During Plastics Production Process” M. Bilban; Am J Ind Medicine, 2004, 45, 468-474

18) “Polyurethanes and childhood asthma” Krone, Klinger & Ely; Med Sci Monit 2003, 9 (12) HY39-43(e-version)

19a) “Isocyanates in Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Krone, Ely, Klinger & Rando: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 2003, 70, 328-335(e-version)

19b) API letter to Editor-in-Chief criticizing content of above article.

19c) Published letter from J.Cleet, API and author response (Krone et al) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 2005, 74, 1-7 (e-document)

19d) III review of original paper by Collins and Maddison (e-version)

20) “Diisocyanates and Nonoccupational disease: A Review” Krone: Archives of Environ Health, 2004, 59, 6. 306-316

21) “Skin exposure to Isocyanates: Reasons for Concern” Bello et al: Environ Health Perspectives 2007, 115, 3, 328-335 (e-version)

22) III Report 24 1383 “Respiratory sensitization: the role of dermal contact with MDI and TDI” GIL 2002(e-version)

23) “Skin Exposure to Isocyanates: reasons for Concern” Bello et al: National Inst Env Health Sciences (USA) 2006

24) “Determination of the Extractability of TDI from Polyurethane Foams into Air” Hugo, Spence, Huff & Lickly: See “Polyurethanes World Congress” Amsterdam 1997 (abstract)

25) “Biological monitoring of TDI-derived amines in Polyurethane Foam production” S. Austin: Occup Med 2007, 57, 444-448 (e-version)

26) “Biological monitoring for Isocyanates” J Cocker: Occup Med 2007, 57, 391-393 (e-version)

27) “Investigation of the competitive rate of derivatization of several secondary amines with PHI, HDI, MDI, and TDI in liquid medium” Tremblay, Lesage et. al: Analyst 2003, 128, 142-149 (e-version)

28) “Sampling of diisocyanates (HDI, TDI) in air by derivatisation with secondary amines as reagents” Part 1. Partial rate factors of reagents” Kuck et. al. Analyst 1999, 124, 933-939 (e-version)

29) “Development of Analytical Methods for Low Molecular Weight Isocyanates in Workplace Air” White et. al.HSL Report 2007/47 (e-version)

30) “An occupational hygiene assessment of the use and control of isocyanates in the UK” Cowie et. al.HSE Research Report 2004

31) “Releases of MDI and TDI to Atmosphere. A review of releases from various processes, and their abatement” Gilbert and Hurd, III Report 251122, 2002

32) “Stack emissions from Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production using carbon dioxide as the blowing agent” Vangrondsveld and Maddison, III Report 11449, 2002

33) “III European Emission Project: Stack Emissions from Rigid Polyurethane Foam Production Lines” Vangrondsveld and Maddison, III Report 11357, 2000

34) III Project E-CE-91 “III European Emissions Project” Glover and Maddison 1994 and Chapman 1994 (Monitoring of gas emissions from foaming installations)

35) “Flexible Polyurethane Foam. I. FTIR Analysis of residual Isocyanate” Cole et al: J Appl Polym Sci, 1987, 34, 395-407

36) “Attenuated Total Reflectance IR Spectroscopic Analysis of High Index Foams” Cole et al: J Cell Plastics, 1987, 23, 73-85 (e-version)

37) “Toxicokinetics of 2,4- and 2,6-TDA in hydrolysed urine and plasma after occupational exposure to 2,4- and 2,6-TDI” Lind, Dalene, Skarping and Hagmar: Occup Environ Med 1996, 53, 94-99

38) “Biological Monitoring of occupational exposure to TDI; measurement of TDA in hydrolysed urine and plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry” Persson, Skarping et al: Brit J Ind Med, 1993, 50, 1111-1118

39) “Carcinogenic Risk of TDI and MDI: Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence” Bolognesi et al: Crit Rev in Toxicol, 2002, 31(6) 737-772

40) “A Guide to the diagnosis and treatment of Occupational asthma” Rabatin and Cowl: Mayo Clin Proc, 2001,76, 633-640

41) “Cancer risk in the rubber industry: a review of recent epidemiological evidence” K. Straughan letter : Occup Environ Med, 1998, 55, 646

42) “Toluene Diisocyanate: An assessment of Carcinogenic Risk following Oral and Inhalation Exposure” Doe and Hoffmann: Toxicol Ind Health, 1995, 11 (1) 13-32

43) “Cellular aspects of occupational asthma: immunological studies in isocyanate exposed subjects” Jones et al: Research Report 122 HSE, 2003 ISBN 0 7176 2700 4

44) “Isocyanate Emissions: A review of Work on Environmental aspects of Handling Toluene Di-isocyanate” Grieveson; Cell Polymers, 1983, 2, 165-175

45) “MDA in plasma as a biomarker of exposure to pyrolysed MDI-based polyurethane: correlations with estimated cumulative dose and genotype for N-acetylation” Dalene, Skarping et al: Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 1996, 68, 165-169

46) “Questionnaire predictors of asthma and occupational asthma” Miller et al: Research Report 164 HSE, 2003 ISBN 0 7176 2759 4

47) “Application of Electrochemical Detection to the Measurement of Free Monomeric Aromatic and Aliphatic Isocyanates in Air by HPLC” Warwick et al: Analyst, 1981, 106, 676-685

48) “The European Experience on TDI emission Control” J Chapman Presentation to PFA 1998

49) “Isocyanate Emissions: A Review of Work on Environmental Aspects of Handling TDI” Grieveson: Cellular Polymers, 1983, 2, 165-175

50) “Detection of Monomeric Hexane Diisocyanate in Aqueous Extracts of a Polyurethane Device as an Artefact of Injection Port Pyrolysis in Gas Chromatography” Treacy and Lamond, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 1998, 61, 543-546 (e-version)

51) “Scientific Basis for Swedish Occupational Standards XXII” 2002 ISBN 91-7045-664-X (Includes MDA, MIC, ICA discussions) (e-version)

52) “MALDI-MS and colorimetric analysis of diisocyanate and polyol migrants from model polyurethane adhesives used in food packaging” Lawson et al: Analyst, 2000, 125, 115-118

53) “Environmental Aspects of Isocyanates in water and Soil” Brochhagen and Grieveson: Cellular Polymers, 1984, 3, 11-17

54) “Statement on potential explosion hazards from TDI” E. Wiegand, Bayer 2006 (e-version)

55) “Determination of Isocyanates in Air Using 1-(“-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine impregnated Filters: Long-term Sampling Performance and Field Comparison with Impingers with Dibutylamine” Sennebro, Tinnerberg et al: Ann Occup Hyg, 2004, 48, 415-424

56) “Determination of unreacted 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI in foams at ultratrace level by using HPLC-CIS-MS-MS” Gagne, Lesage et al: Analyst, 2003, 128, 1447-1451

57) “Determination of Airborne Methyl Isocyanate as Dibutylamine or 2MP derivatives by liquid and gas chromatography” Henriks-Eckerman et al: Analyst, 2000, 125 1949-1954 (e-version)

59) “System Device and Method for Skin Contamination Detection” US 5140986, Klinger 1992 (Swype pads) (e-version)

60) III Report 11457 “Hydrolytic Stability of Polyureas formed by reactions of MDI and TDI with Water” 2002 abstract

61) “Validation of Transferability of DBA Derivatization and LC-MS/MS Determination Method for Isocyanates via an Interlaboratory Comparison” Bobeldijk, Skarping et al: Ann. Occup. Hyg 52, 8, 757-763, 2008 (e-version)

62) III Report 11514 & 5 “TDI neutralization using aqueous sodium carbonate, surfactant systems” 2005 abstract

63) “Some Actions Taken by Flexible Foam Producers in Europe to meet the requirements of Legislation on Health and Safety” R. Hurd BRMA position document 1991

64) III Ref 11275 1997 P. Hext “A comparison of the aerosol sampling efficiencies of three occupational hygiene samplers” – abstract

65) “Community Exposure Assessment and Intervention Effectiveness at Trinity American Corporation, Glenola, North Carolina” Levine et al: AIHAJ 62: 649-657 (2001)

66) “TDI Release – Comparison of ADMS3 predictions with those from the ALOHA model” R. E. Lewis: Astra Zeneca Report BL7015/B (2001)

67) “Study of the Effects of Di-isocyanate exposure in British Flexible Foam workers” BRMA position document (undated) around Clark study

68) “Evaluation of Consumer Risk Resulting from Exposure against MDI from Polyurethane Foam” Hoffmann and Schupp: EXCLI Journal, 8, 58-65 (2009)

69) “Size-separated sampling and Analysis of Isocyanates in Workplace Aerosols. Part 1. Denuder-Cascade Impactor Sampler” Dahlin, Skarping et al: Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52, 5, 361-374 (2008)

70) “Size-separated sampling and Analysis of Isocyanates in Workplace Aerosols. Part II. Ageing of Aerosols from Thermal Degradation of Polyurethane” Dahlin, Skarping et al: Ann. Occup. Hyg. 52, 5, 375-383 (2008)

71) “How to handle Isocyanates” Safety Health Pract. 22-25 (1997)

72) “Alternatives to Phosgene and carbon Monoxide: Synthesis of Symmetric Urea Derivatives with Carbon Dioxide in Ionic Liquids” Shi et al (Chinese Academy of Sciences): Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, 42, 3257-3260 (2003) (e-version)

73) “Process for the preparation of isocyanates and their use for the preparation of polyisocyanates containing ester groups” US Patent 4886902 (1989) (e-version)

74) “Interactions of Aromatic Isocyanates with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine under Physiological Conditions: Formation of Conjugates, Ureas and Amines” Seel et al (Univ Siegen): Excli Journal 5, 191-208 (2006) (e-version)

75) “Asthma Induced by Isocyanates: A Model of IgE-independent Asthma” Mapp et al (Univ Ferrara): Acta Biomed Suppl 2 15-19 (2005) (e-version)

76) “Inflammatory Response to Isocyanates and onset of genomic instability in cultured human lung fibroplasts” Mishra et al: Genet. Mol. Res 8(1), 129-143 (2009) (e-abstract)

77) “Determination of Airborne Isocyanates Generated During the Thermal degradation of Car Paint in Body Repair Shops” Lesage et al: Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1-9, 2009 (e-version)

78) “Direct Reading Exposure Assessment Methods for Isocyanates: Current Options and Future Needs” M. W. Spence: Dow Power-point Nov 2008 (e-version)

78) “Process for the preparation of mixed trimers from organic isocyanates, the mixed trimers obtained according to the process and the use thereof for the production of polyurethanes” Richter et al US 4518761(e-version)

79) “Catalytic carbonylation of nitro compounds with carbon monoxide in presence of rhodium-carbonyl hydride complex” (leading to isocyanates) Gorbunova et al (Acad Sciences USSR): Russian Chem. Bull. 29 (5), 761-4 (1980) ISSN 1066-5285 (e-abstract)

80) “Pulmonary Toxicity of Isocyanates” Peters and Murphy: Ann Intern. Med. 73, 654-55 (1970) (e-abstract)

81) “Improved Colour Stability of Isocyanates” WO/2005/089085 (e-version)

82) “A New General pathway for Synthesis of Reference Compounds of N-Terminal Valine-Isocyanate Adducts” Davies, Rydberg et al (Univ Stockholm): Chem. Res. Toxicol. Jan 2010 (e-abstract)

83) “International Workshop on biomarkers for isocyanates” Meeting Report. Scand. J. Work Environ Health 25(2), 157-9 (1999) (e-version)

84) “Do Amines Induce Occupational Asthma in workers manufacturing Polyurethane Foam?” Brochhagen: Br. J. Ind. Med. 42(8) 567 (1985) (e-letter)

85) “Isocyanates – Questions and Answers about using and handling in Coatings Applications” Bayer USA 2002 (e-version)

86) “Occupational Asthma, Lung Function Decrement, and TDI Exposure: A critical review of Exposure-Response Relationships” Ott.: Appl. Occup. Env. Hyg. 17(12) 891-901 (2002) (e-version)

87) “Evaluation of Indoor Air Pollution of Polyurethane Industries with Emphasis on Exposure with Methylene Diphenyle Diisocyanate (MDI)” Mirmohammadi et al. Iranica J. Energy Envir. 1(2), 100-105 (2010) (e-version of very poor paper)

88) “Two Carcinogenicity studies of TD1” Rampy, Lyon, Loeser and Carney: Reprint 6th SPI Conference (undated)

89) “Exposure biomarkers and risk from gluing and heating of polyurethane: a cross sectional study of respiratory symptoms” Skarping et al: Occup. Environ. Med. (2000) 57, 396 – 405

90) “Isocyanate exposure and occupational asthma: a case-referent study” Meredith, Bugler and Clark: Occup. Environ. Med. (2000) 57, 830 – 836

91) “Respiratory Effects of Toluene Diisocyanate in the Workplace: A Discussion of Exposure-Response Relationships” Ott et al: Crit. Rev. Toxicol. (2003) 33(1) 1-59

92) “The Behaviour of Commercially Important Diisocyanates in Fire Conditions Part 1: Toluene Di-isocyanate” Marlair (Ineris), Prager (Bayer) and Sand (BASF): Fire and Materials (1993) 17, 91-102

93) “Toluene Diiscocyanate” Adams, Carney, Chamberlain and Paddle (Letter): The Lancet (1978) June 17, 1305

F) VOCs, EMISSIONS, AIR QUALITY

1) “An Investigation into VOC Emissions from Polyurethane Flexible Foam Mattresses” K. Hillier, T. Schupp and I. Carney, Cellular Polymers, Vol. 22, 4, 2003.

2) “Flame Retardants in the Indoor Environment, Part 1: Specification of the Problem and Resulting Screening Tests” Pardemann et al. Proc of Healthy Buildings, 2000, 4, 125-131

3) “Analysis of Extractable Volatile Components in Polyurethane Foam” Frost et al. Air Products, (1986? reference unknown)

4) “Assessment of Potential Health Risks resulting from Chemical Emissions from New Bedding Sets” Sleep Products Safety Council/Research Triangle/Versar report, 1995

5) “Revised Final Report: Performance of testing in support of research by the SPSC Indoor Air Quality Task Force” Research Triangle Report, 1995

6) “Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Odour Bodies” Harris et al (Arco): J Cellular Plastics, 1988, 24,486-494

7) “Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Odour Bodies” Harris et al (Arco) Proceedings Polyurethanes Foam Congress, 1987, 848-851

8) “Characterization of Volatile Organic Chemical Emissions from Carpet Cushions” V.H. Schaeffer et al: J Air and Waste Manage Assoc, 1996, 46, 813-820

9) “Analysis of Extractable Volatile Components in Polyurethane Foam” J.H. frost et al (Air Products) Society of Automotive Engineers Symposium, 1987

10) “Risk evaluation for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene in Polyurethane Products”Huntsman, 2003

11) “Respiratory Toxicity of Mattress Emissions in Mice” Anderson and Anderson, Arch Environ Health, 2000, 55, 38-43

12) “Chamber Testing of Organic Emission from Building and Furnishing Materials” Columbo et al: Science of the Total Environ, 1990, 91, 237-249

13) “Reduction of Volatiles in Polyester-based Flexible Foams” Grillo et al (Inolex): reference unknown

14) “A concept for maximum exposure levels in cars” Schupp and Hengstler: EXCLI Journal, 2004, 3, 29-38

15) “Investigation into potential odours and leachates from flexible polyurethane foams” LGC report LGCNW472, 2000

16) “Analysis of the Effluents from Polyurethane foam heated at 80^oC” Krzymien: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1987, 48, 67-72 (e-version)

17) “Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations and Emission rates in New Manufactured and Site-built Houses” Hodgson et al: LBNL-43519(e-version)

18) “Determination of formaldehyde and TDI Emissions from indoor residential Sources” T.J.Kelly: Final Report Contract 93-315 to California Air Resources Board,1996 (e-version)

19) “Air Quality Guidelines for Europe” WHO No91, 2000 ISBN 92 890 1358 3 (e-version)

20) “Low emission materials for healthy indoor environments – Regulations, standards and testing. BRE Seminar papers, 1999

21) “GC-MS Analysis of Organic vapours emitted from Polyurethane Foam Insulation” M. Krzymien: Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem 36, 193-207 (1988)

22) “Odour measurement and control – An Update” Woodfield and Hall: AEA Report for D O E (1994)

23) Literature Search “Odour and Polyurethanes” Scifinder, 1997

24) Literature Search “Volatile Organics and Polyurethanes” Scifinder 1997

25) Hall Analytical Report HAL04-037, 2004 for Europur (VOCs from various non-PU furniture/mattress components. (Should be interpreted with extreme caution – suspected that some species have resulted from SPME needle contamination)

26) “Emission rates of Chemicals: From Chamber Tests to Exposure Scenarios” T. Schupp (Elastogran) presentation to Europur TC 2001

27) “Tertiary Amine and Ethanolamine Catalysts in the Polyurethane Foam Industry: New Methods of Detection and Results of Personal Sampling in Nine UK Flexible Foam Factories” Bugler, Maddison, Nutt et al see Cellular Polymers 1992? 171-200

28) “Study of Odours Coming Out of Polyurethane Flexible Foam Mattresses” Hillier, King and Henneuse: Cellular Polymers 28, 2, 113 – 144

29) “Process for Lowering Emissions of a Polyurethane Foam” Haas, Jacobs, Meyer-Ahrens (Bayer) US Appl 2009/0326089 (Formaldehyde) (e-version)

30) “Influence of the small firms producing furniture on quality and quantity of VOC emissions in indoor air of children’s room situated in the same buildings” Tesarova, D (Mendel Univ): Certech Conf Oct 2009

31) “Odour Factor of Materials” Jaubert, J.N. (IAP-Sentic): Certech Conf Oct 2009

32) “Proposal for a Harmonised Framework on Indoor Material Emissions Labelling Schemes in EU” Kephalopoulos (DG JRC): Certech Conf Oct 2009

G) EXTRACTABLES

1) “A Summary of Work carried out by EUROPUR into Extractable Materials from Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Hillier & King: Cellular Polymers 27, 4 235-249 (2008) (e-version)

2) “Assessment of the Toxicological Hazard of Sweat-extractable Substances from Polyurethane Flexible Foam: Allyl etherols” T. Schupp (Elastogran), 2002 unpublished paper

3) “Investigation of amine and polyol functionality in extracts of polyurethane wound management dressings using MALDI-MS” Ostah, Lawson et al: Analyst, 2000, 125, 111-114

4) “Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products. Mapping of chemical substances in earplugs” Pors and Fuhlendorff: Eurofins Report No 28 (2003) plus comments sent to authors by DAK

H) COT DEATH

1) “Expert Group to Investigate Cot Death Theories” Final Report May 1998 (Lady Limerick) plus interim report Dec 1995

2) “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) - report of expert working group enquiring into the hypothesis that toxic gases evolved from chemicals in cot mattress covers and cot mattresses are a cause of SIDS” Turner: HMSO 1991 ISBN 0 11 321390 5

3) “Detection of Toxigenic Bacteria in Polyurethane Foam from Cot Mattresses by Polymerase Chain Reaction” Sherburn et al (De Montfort Univ): Jpn J Infect Dis 2007, 60, 19-22

4) “A review of the bio-hazards presented by dust mites in older mattresses” Bain: Report for EBIA 2006(e-version)

5) “Growth and survival of bacteria implicated in sudden infant death syndrome on Cot mattress materials” Jenkins and Sherburn: J Appl Microbial 2005, 99(3) 573-9 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com)

6) “Aerial release of bacteria from cot mattress materials and sudden infant death syndrome” Sherburn and Jenkins: J Appl Microbial 2005, 98(2) 293-8 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com)

7) “Cot mattresses as reservoirs of potentially harmful bacteria and the sudden infant death syndrome” Sherburn and Jenkins: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2004, 42(1) 76-84 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.sciencedirect.com)

8) “Factors relating to the infant’s last sleep environment in sudden infant death syndrome in the Republic of Ireland” McGarvey et al: Arch Dis Child 2003 88(12) 1058-64 (abstract only: full text available at http://adc.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/88/12/1058)

9) “Infant care practices related to cot death in Turkish and Moroccan families in the Netherlands” van Sleuwen et al: Arch Dis Child 2003 88(9) 784-8 (abstract only: full text available at http://adc.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/88/9/784)

10) “Used infant mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland” Tappin et al: BMJ 2002 325 (7371) 1007(abstract only: full text available at http://bmj.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/325/7371/1007)

11) “Rebreathing potential of infant mattresses and bedcovers” Colditz et al J Pediatr Child Health 2002 38(2) 192-5(abstract only: full text available at http://bmj.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/325/7371/1007)

12) “Evaluation of cot mattress inner foam as a potential site for microbial generation of toxic gases” Jenkins et al: Human Exp Toxicol 2000 19(12) 693-702 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com)

13) “Plastic wrapping of cot mattresses: Results from a pilot study” Mitchell et al: NZ Med J, 2000 113(1115) 326-7 (abstract only)

14) “Concentrations of antimony in infants dying from SIDS and infants dying from other causes” Cullen et al: Arch Dis Child 2000 82(3) 244-7 (abstract only: full text available at http://adc.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/82/3/244)

15) “Potential to prevent carbon dioxide rebreathing of commercial products marketed to reduce sudden infant death syndrome risk” Carolan et al: Pediatrics, 2000 105(4pt1) 774-9 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.pediatrics.org)

16) “Biovolatilization of antimony and sudden infant death syndrome” Jenkins et al: Hum Exp Toxicol, 1998 17(4) 231-8 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com)

17) “Antimony leaching from cot mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome” Jenkins et al: Human Exp Toxicol 1998 17(3) 138-9 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com)

18) “Mechanical model testing of re-breathing potential in infant bedding materials”Carleton et al: Arch Dis Child 1998 78 323-28 (abstract only: full text available at http://adc.bmijournals.com/cgi/reprint/78/4/323)

19) “Toxic gas generation from plastic mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome” Warnock et al: Lancet 1995 346(8989) 1516-20 Arch Dis Child 2000 82(3) 244-7 (abstract only: full text available at http://www.thelancet.com)

20) “Cot Mattress Biodeterioration and Sudden Infant Death” B.A.Richardson, Penarth Research International Ltd (1989) (see also H24)

21) “Recent Progress in cot death research” B. Richardson: Complementary Medical Research, 6, 2, 72-76 (1992)

22) BPF Cot Mattress Dossier (1992)

23) “Proposed Amendment to BS1877 Part 10” B. Richardson (1992)

24) “Cot Mattress Biodeterioration and Sudden Infant Death” ICI evaluation of ref H20 (above) for BPF (1989)

25) Ignore – repeat of H2

26) “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome – A Report to the department of Health’s Expert Working Group” LGC October 1990

27) BPF Cot Mattress Fact Sheet (undated)

28) “Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland 1992-5” Brokke et al: BMJ 314 1516-1520 (1997)

29) “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: after the back to sleep campaign” Dwyer and Ponsonby: BMJ 313 180-181 (1996)

30) “Environment of infants during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993-5 case-control study for confidential enquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy” Fleming et al: BMJ 313 191-5 (1996) plus “Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993-5 case-control study for confidential enquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy” Fleming et al: BMJ 313 195-8 (1996)

31) “SIDS theory: from hype to reality” Editorial The Lancet 346, 1503 (1995)

32) “Toxic gas generation from plastic mattresses and sudden infant death syndrome” Warnock et al: BMJ 346 1516-20 (1995)

33) “Do microbiota cause emission of stibine from cot mattresses?” Thompson and Faull: letter BMJ 346, 1557-8 (1995)

34) “Cot mattress biodegradation and SIDS” Richardson: The Lancet pp670-1 March 17 1990

35) “Piecing together the cot death puzzle” V. Hook Chemistry in Britain 432-4 (1995)

36) “Fire retardants, biocides, plasticizers and sudden infant deaths” Fleming et al: BMJ 309, 1594-6 (1994)

37) “Cot mattresses and the sudden infant death syndrome” Richardson: BMJ 310, (1995)

38) “Antimony and health” De Wolfe: BMJ 310 (1995)

39) “QED A guide to cot death” K Quarmby BBC Education (1995) ISBN 1 86000 190 4

40) BRMA Collection of cot death press articles and correspondence

41) “Cot Death – Must babies still die? A review of research into sudden infant death syndrome” B. Richardson report and literature review Nov 1991 (funded by grant from Tomy UK Ltd)

42) “Urinary antimony in infancy” Dezateux et al; Arch Dis Child 76, 432-6 (1997) (in part only)

I) MISCELLANEOUS

1) “Toxic Equivalency Factors for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Nisbet and La Goy, Reg Tox and Pharmacology, 1992, 16, 290-300 (e-version)

2) “Discolouration in Fire-retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Levchik et al. J. Cell Plastics 2005, 41 235-251 (e-version see D2)

3) “A Medical View of the Polyurethane Industry” Burrows: Cellular Polymers, 1983, 2, 205-212

4) “Some Environmental, Toxicological and International Legislative Aspects of Polyurethanes” Hurd: Cellular Polymers, 1982, 1, 53-72

5) “The Use of Activated Carbon for Emissions Control in the Polyurethane Foam industry” S. Butterworth, Calgon Carbon Corp: Unknown reference/date

6) “Removal of TDI and recovery of CFC: Practical Experience with an Activated Carbon Filter System Installed at a Soft Foam Producer” A. Sporon-Fiedler (Flakt): Cellular Polymers, 1986, 5,5369-386 (Plus letters from Europur/BRMA)

7) “Co-combustion of Building Insulation foams with Municipal Solid Waste” Vehlow and Mark: APME/Exiba/Isopa Publication, 1995

8) “Electronic Nose helps quantify odours in PU foams and raw materials” Kennerley and Gagne: Urethanes Technology, 1998

9) BRMA project comparing fatigue performance of solid foam cushions and fibre wraps. FIRA report T8279, 1997

10) “Polyurethane Catalysts – selected properties” III report 11283, 1997 (Master Data held by GIL)

10a is folder containing “Fate of Amine” project documents (e-version)

11) “Risk assessment studies on targeted consumer applications of certain organotin compounds” RPA 2005 Report for EC

12) “Impact Assessment of Potential Restrictions on the marketing and Use of Certain Organotin Compounds” RPA 2007 Report for EC (plus euroToxis Report 07-E063, 2007 in response) (e-version)

13) “Preparation and Properties of Isocyanic Acid” Belson and Strachan: Chem. Soc Rev, 1982, 11, 41-56 (e-version)

14) “Odour Thresholds and Irritation Levels of Several Chemical Substances: A Review” J. H. Ruth: Am Ind Hyg Assoc, 1986, 47 142-151

15) “Compilation of Odour Threshold Values in Air and water” van Gemert and Nettenbreijer: TNO1977

16) “Odour Threshold Data” AEA Technology (an except from ref F22)

17) “Recycling of Polyurethane Foam Refrigerator Insulation” Murai and Takagi, Mitsubishi Electric Advance, R&D ProgressReports (Date unknown)

18) “The chemical recycling of polyurethanes (part 1)” Behrendt and Naber: PU Magazine, 2008, 5, 6

19) “The measurement of renewable or biobased content in natural oil polyols and foams” Medina et al: PU Magazine, 2008, 5, 368-372

20) “Comparison of Leaching Tests for the Characterization of Waste” Chrysochoou et al: 8^th Int Conf Env Sci and Technology, Greece, 2003

21) “Investigation of Polyurethane Degradation in a Simulated Landfill Environment” Kennedy et al: Proc Polyurethanes Expo, 1996, 258-265

22) “Monitoring Potential Degradation of Polyurethanes in a Landfill Simulator” Brown et al: Report to API, Carnegie Mellon Univ, 2001

23) “Microbial Degradation of Polyurethane Foams and Isocyanate based Polyureas in Different Media” Martens and Domsch: Water, Air and Soil Pollution,1981, 15, 503-509?

24) “Presence and Distribution of Organic Wastewater Compounds in wastewater, Surface, Ground, and Drinking Watters, Minnesota, 2000-2” Lee et al. US Dept of the Interior, US Geological Survey: Scientific Investigation Report 2004-5138

25) “Deterioration of PU foam with reference to Foam Laminated 1960’s Dresses” D. Lovett: Southampton Univ MSc dissertation, 2003 (e-version)

26) “Recycling of Trim Foam to Improve the Profitability of Slabstock Production” Dawson and Villwock (Mobius) UTECH 2003 (e-version)

27) “LCA for polyether polyol” APME/ISOPA based on 1995 data (e-version)

28) “LCA for TDI” APME/ISOPA based on 1995 data (e-version)

29) “Impact Assessment of Potential restrictions on the Marketing and use of DCM in Paint Strippers” RPA 2007 Report for EC (e-version)

30) “Evaluation of Environmental Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment” UNEP 2003 (e-version)

31) III Ref 11400 “Analysis of exhaust gases during flame lamination trials” Glover & Maddison, 2000

32) Odour Threshold data Versar Appendix E

33) “Recommendations for Waste Disposal from Polyurethane foam Manufacture” III UC 5.4 1979

34) “Pollution, pesticides and cancer misconceptions” Ames and Gold: What Risk, 173-190

35) “The Assessment of Carcinogenic Hazard for Human beings exposed to Methylene Chloride” Ecetoc Technical Report No 26, (1987) ISSN 07773-8072-26

36) “Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): Human Risk assessment using Experimental Animal data” Ecetoc Technical Report No 32, (1988) ISSN 07773-8072-32

37) “Methylene Chloride (dichloromethane): An overview of Experimental Work Investigating Species, Differences in Carcinogenicity and their relevance to man” Ecetoc Technical Report No 34, (1989) ISSN 07773-8072-34

38) “Environment Hazard Assessment: Dichloromethane” Brook and Howe: Dept of Environment Report TSD/18, 1994 ISBN 0 85125 622 8

39) “Methylene Chloride induced Mouse Liver and Lung Tumours” T. Green: Zeneca CTL/R/1246-1 (1995)

40) “Dichloromethane” Gillet and Parker: Review Paper for ACTS (1988)

41) “Short Summary of the risks Generated by the Use or DIUP as an Additive in HR-Foam Formulations” Degussa, 2004

42) “Some Actions taken by Flexible Foam Producers in Europe to meet the Requirements of Legislation on Health and the Environment” R. Hurd, Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology, 8, 1 49-74 (1992)

43) “The cause of the Chinese sofa/chair dermatitis epidemic is likely to be contact allergy to dimethyl fumarate, a novel potent contact sensitizer” T. Rantanen: Brit J Dermatology 2008, 159, 218-221 (e-version)

44) “An outbreak of furniture dermatitis in the UK” Williams et al : Brit J Dermatology 2008, 159, 233-4 (e-version)

45) “Cell Size Determination of Polymeric Foams” Richardson and Nandra: Cellular Polymers 5, 423-32 (1986)

46) “Glycolysis of Waste Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Wu et al (Taiwan): Polym. Degr. Stab. 8, 103-111 (2003) (e-version)

47) “Recent Technical Advances in Recycling of Scrap Polyurethane Foam as Finely Ground powder in Flexible Foam” Stone et al (Mobius): Reprint from “Polyurethanes Conference 2000” (e-version)

48) “Synthesis of Segmented Polyurethane based on Polymeric Soyabean Oil Polyol and Poly(ethylene glycol)” Keles and Hazer: J. Polym. Environ: 17 (3), 153-8 (2009) (e-abstract)

49) “Anisotropic Polyurethane Foam with Poissons’s Ratio greater than 1” Lee and Lakes: J. Mater. Sci 32, 2397-2401 (1997) (e-version)

50) “Infection-resistant Polyurethane Foam, Method for Producing the same and use thereof in Antiseptic Wound Dressings” Burkhard (Bayer) US Appl 2010/0021514

(e-abstract cites use of polyhexamethylene biguanide)

51) “Method for Producing Polyesterols” Stumbe et al (BASF) US Appl 2010-0015676 (e-abstact cites enzyme catalysis)

52) “Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Inventory of Nine Plastic Resins and Four Polyurethane Precursors” Franklin Associates July 2010 for American Chemistry Council (e-version)

53) “Green Public Procurement – Thermal Insulation – Technical Background Report” AEA Harwell (June 2010) for EC DG Environment (e-version)

54) “Eco-profiles of the European Plastics Industry: Polyurethane Rigid Foam” I. Boustead 2005

55) III Report 25955 “Monitoring Degradation of Polyurethane Flexible Foam in a Landfill Simulator” Bartlett et al Poster Session SOT 38^th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 1999

56) “Microbial Degradation of Polyurethane Foams in Different Media” Martens and Domsch: III Project E-E-6, Report 10440 June 1981

57) “Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethanes from Epoxidized Methyl Oleate Based Polyether Polyols as Renewable Resources” Lligadas et al: J.Polym. Sci Pt A (2006) 44, 634 – 645 (e-version)

58) “Lipids as renewable resources: current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification” Metzger and Bornscheuer: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2006) 71, 13 – 22 (e-version)

J) CELLULAR POLYMERS

Highlighted are some papers that might be of future interest to flexible foam producers. Volumes also contain several pages of (un-indexed) Foam Abstracts

1, 1 (1982)

“Viscosity-Temperature-Molecular Weight Interrelationships of PO diols and triols” Vervloet and Knibbe, Shell

“Some Environmental, Toxicological and International Legislative Aspects of Polyurethanes” Reg Hurd, BRMA

1, 2 (1982)

“Methods for the Determination of Polyether Polyol Stabilisation” A. Penati (Milan Polytecnico)

1, 3 (1982)

“High Strength Linear Polyurethane Cellular materials” R. Whittaker (SATRA)

2, 1 (1983)

“Polyurethane and Latex Foam carpet backing Today” Bez and Quack, Metallgesellschaft AG

Conference report “Polyurethanes in a Changing World” September 1982

2, 2 (1983)

“Flexible Polyurethane Foams under Fire Conditions” Grayson et al (QMC)

2, 3 (1983)

“Isocyanate Emissions: A review of work on Environmental Aspects of Handling TDI” Grieveson and Reeve, Shell

“A Medical View of the Polyurethane Industry” G. Burrows, ICI

2, 4 (1983)

“Polyol Recovery from Rigid PU Waste” Simioni et al, Padova Univ

Contents of Volume 2

3, 1 (1984)

“Environmental Aspects of Isocyanates in Water and Soil” Brochhagen and Grieveson, APME

“Study on Reactive Polyurethane Filler for Polyurethane Foam” Imai et al, Inoue MTP

3, 2 (1984)

“Polyurethane Foams as Solid Sorbents in Separation Science: Recent Advances” T. Braun, Eotvos Univ, Budapest

“British Tests and Controls to Limit the Fire Risks of the Contents of Buildings” K. Paul, RAPRA

“The mechanical Anisotropy of Low-density Cellular Plastics” A. Cunningham, ICI

3, 3 (1984)

“The Contribution of Upholstered Furniture to Residential Fire Risks” Prager et al (III team)

“Vertifoam – Continuous Vertical Block foam process” Griffiths and Shreeve (Hyman)

“Five Decades of Foam Plastics – A Personal Narrative” H. Bauman

3, 4 (1984)

“Protection of Polyurethanes against UV Light” Belletini and Harrison (Du Pont)

“Development of a High Performance Hydrophilic Polyurethane Foam” T. Ishino (Achilles)

3, 5 (1984)

“Cellular Polymers for Medical Use: The Vital Role of Porosity and Permeability” J. Boretos (National Inst Health, Bethesda)

3, 6 (1984)

“Multifunctional Smoke- and Gas-Suppressant Systems for Polyurethane Foams” Grayson et al QMC on BRMA research

4, 1 (1985)

“Fire and Cellular Polymers” Conference 11/12 October 1984

“Cellular Polymers” J. Buist (Historical evolution)

4, 2 (1985)

“Are Foams a Fire Hazard?” W. D. Woolley, FRS

“Recent Advances in t-Aliphatic Isocyanates) Saxon et al, Cyanamid (TMXDI and meta-TMI)

4, 3, (1985)

“Legislation – Standards – Polymers” D. Christian (Home Office)

“Mechanical Frothing Process Develops New Applications for Polyurethanes” P. Berthvas (BP)

4, 4 (1985)

“How do Foams perform under Fire Conditions?” J. Troitzsch (Fire Protection Service)

“Shock Mitigation Foams – The Basic Parameters” Richardson and Nandra (Loughborough Univ)

“Fire Performance and Characteristics of British Rail Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Gotch and Morris (British Railways)

4, 5 (1985)

“The Fire Hazards Associated with the Use of Cellular Polymers on HM Ships” Sawyer and Thundercliffe (HM Admiralty)

“PVC Foams: Their Use and Fire Properties” Hitch and Rolph (ICI)

“A Techno-economic Study of the Disposal of Polyurethane Foam Waste by Incineration and Heat recovery” Hilyard et al (Sheffield Polytechnic)

4, 6 (1985)

“Fundamentals of the Fire Behaviour of Cellular Polymers” D. Drysdale, Edinburgh Univ

“Fire and Foams in Transport Applications – Aircraft” L. Virr, CAA

“Load-Deflection Analyses of Shock Mitigating Polyurethane-Silicone Foams” Richardson and Nandra, Loughborough Univ

5, 1 (1986)

“Dual Hardness Seating Cushions from a Single Head” B. Evans (ICI)

5, 3 (1986)

“Advance of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Technology” Creyf and Fishbein (Recticel and BRMA)

5, 4 (1986)

“Standard laboratory Tests: How Meaningful are they in Assessing Fire Performance of Insulation materials?” G. Abbot (Dow)

5, 6 (1986)

“Cell Size Determination of Polymeric Foams” Richardson and Nandra (Loughborough Univ)

Letter to the Editor: Creyf, Hurd and Powell (Europur) concerning TDI removal/CFC recovery and previous paper by Sporon-Fiedler

6, 4 (1987)

“Shock Mitigating Foams, 2 Static/Dynamic Characteristics” Richardson and Al-Hassani (Univ Loughborough)

“Recovery of CFC11 by Activated Carbon Scrubbing on a Polyurethane Foam Slabstock Plant” Nutt and Skidmore (BTR)

6, 6 (1987)

“New Methods for the Determination of Airborne Isocyanates” Brown et al, HSE (MDHS25, propanol and paper tape methods)

“A Structural model for Air Flow in Flexible PUR Foams” Hilyard and Collier, Sheffield Polytechnic

“Polyol Recovery from Elastomer Polyurethane waste” Simioni et al Padova Univ

7, 1 (1988)

“Environmental Considerations in the Production of Flexible Slabstock” N. Vreenegoor (Unifoam)

7, 2 (1988)

“Polyurethanes in Orthotics and Orthopaedics” D. Pratt (Derby Royal Infirmary)

“MDI-based Flexible Foam: A Status Report on World Development” Pham et al (ICI)

7, 3 (1988)

7, 4 (1988)

“Modar Urethane Methacrylates: Extending the Boundaries of Polyurethane Technology” Orton and Sparrow (ICI)

Seminar report “New Furniture Legislation – Response to Public Pressure in the UK” QMC April 1988

7, 5 (1988)

“Development of Buoyancy for Flexible Production Riser System for North Sea Sun Oil Balmoral Field” M. Seamark, Balmoral Group, Aberdeen

“Modifying the Properties of Concrete- Concrete Flexibilisation with Polymers” Venancio and Bordado, Portugal

7, 6 (1988)

9, 1 (1990)

“Computer Simulation of Structure and Calculation of Physico-mechanical Characteristics of Foamed Plastics – Part 2. Study of Elastic Foamed Plastics” Valuyskikh, Moscow

“Application of Polymeric Materials to Railways” Ohishi, Tokyo

9, 2 (1990)

“Crosslinking and Network Formation in Polyurethane Systems with Excess Isocyanate” Dusek and Spirkova (Prague)

“The Surface Coating of Polyurethane Substrates, Part 3: Some Properties of Polyurethane Surfaces and Interfaces” Heath and Bidari (Univ Loughborough)

“BRMA Health research Activities” Editorial Note

9, 4 (1990)

“Mineral Filled Syntactic Composites or Cellular polymers?” J. Dower (Filtec)

9, 5 (1990)

“Progress in Reducing CFCs in Polyurethane Foams” Mann and Wiegand (Bayer)

“Flammability Test procedure for seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies” TB133 (California Bureau Home Furnishings)

9, 6 (1990)

“PRI Polyurethanes 90 Illuminates Blackpool” Conference Review

10, 1 (1991)

“Some Flammability Studies on Furniture Composites – A Comparison of

Data obtained from Full Scale Tests and from the Cone Calorimeter” Hurd, King & Powell

“Automotive Seating: the Growing Appeal of Foam-in-Fabric Technology” Deno and Dipietrantonio (ICI)

10, 2 (1991)

10, 3 (1991)

“Furanic foams” Ramos et al

10, 4 (1991)

“Basotect Melamine Based Foam” Ott and Gilligan (BASF)

10, 5 (1991)

“Letter from Vytenis Babrauskas” Response to Hurd, King, Powell Ibid 10, 1 (1991)

10, 6 (1991)

“Amine-free catalyst Systems for Automotive Instrument Panels” Christfreund et al (ICI)

“The Time-dependent Poisson’s ratio of Viscoelastic Cellular Materials Can increase or decrease” R.Lakes (Cornell Univ)

Letters from K. Paul and from Hurd/king/Powell ref Babrauskas letter Ibid 10, 5 (1991)

11, 1 (1992)

“An Automated Image Analysis Method for the Characterisation of Flexible Foam Cellular Structure” Chaffanjon and Verhelst (ICI)

“The Use of An All CO2 Blown Foam in Production” Sullivan (Dixie-Narco) and Thomas (ICI)

“An Integrated Approach to Foam Development for Automotive Instrument Panels” B. Colvin (IFS)

“Assessment of the Fire Hazard Presented by a Burning Pool of TDI” Marlair (Ineris) and Sand(BASF)

11, 2 (1992)

“Combustion Modified Moulded Polyurethane Flexible Foam for the Furniture Industry” Barker et al (ICI)

“Combustion Behaviour of Polyurethane Flexible Foams Under Cone Calorimetry Test Conditions) Vanspeybroeck et al (Dow and Gent Univ)

“Combustion Behaviour of Fabric and Polyurethane Flexible Foam Mock-up Combinations Under Cone Calorimetry Test Conditions) Vanspeybroeck et al (Dow and Gent Univ)

11, 3 (1992)

“Tertiary Amine and Ethanolamine catalysts in the Polyurethane Foam Industry: New Methods of Detection and Results of Personal Sampling in Nine UK Flexible Foam factories” Bugler et al (ICI, BTR, HSE)

“Waterlily Range of Quality Comfort Materials from ICI’s MDI-based Flexible Slabstock Technology” Casey et al (ICI)

11, 4 (1992)

“Environmental Legislation – Actions taken by the Flexible Foam Industry” R. Hurd for BRMA

“Characterisation of Raw Materials and Polyurethane Products by Microscopy” Janik and Foks, Poland

“Recent Advances in All-MDI based CFC-free Flexible Foams” murray et al, ICI

11, 5 (1992)

“Recent Developments in the Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethanes” Hooper et al (ICI)

11, 6 (1992)

“Novel Carbamylmethylated Melamine Polyols in Rigid Water-Blown Urethane Foams” Frisch et al (Univ Detroit)

12, 1 (1993)

“Strongly Cosserat Elastic Lattice and Foam materials for Enhanced Toughness” R. Lakes (Univ Iowa)

“Infrared Spectroscopy of Site-dependent Inhomogeneities in Conventional Flexible Polyurethane Foam” Steger et al (Univ Dresden and Goldschmidt”

12, 2 (1993)

“Environmental Legislation in the UK” J. Holding (Bayer)

“The Montreal Protocol: Following the Review by the parties in Copenhagen, November 1992, and Subsequent Regulations” M. Nolan (UK DOE)

12, 4 (1993)

12, 6 (1993)

“Large Scale Energy Recovery Trials on Polyurethane, PET, Acrylic and Nylon” Soderberg et al (ICI)

“Uses of the Cone Calorimeter” K. Paul (RAPRA)

“Friction and the Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers. 1. Solid Polyurethanes” Hahni and Stenberg (Finland)

13, 1 (1994)

13, 2 (1994)

“Variable pressure Foaming in Continuous Slabstock Production” Cloakaerts and Mortelmans (Recticel)

“Thermal and Thermal-oxidative Degradation of Polyurethane Foams Filled with Ammonium Polyphosphate” Modesti et al (Univ Padua)

“Epoxy Materials Prepared from the Chemically Reclaimed Products of Waste Rigid Polyurethane Foams” Hidai et el (Inoac)

“Cell Size measurement of Polymeric Foams” Sims and Khunniteekool (UMIST)

13, 3 (1994)

“The Behaviour of Commercially Important Diisocyanates in Fire Conditions Part 2: Polymeric MDI” Marlair (Ineris), Prager (Bayer) and Sand (BASF)

“Advances in Polyurethanes for Use in Acoustic Applications for the Automotive Sector” Cunningham and Duggan (ICI)

13, 5 (1994)

“Graft Polyether Polyols based on α-Methyl Styrene and Acrylonitrile for Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Ionescu et al (Romania)

“Latest Manufacturing Solutions for Slabstock Foam” Fiorentini et al (Cannon)

13, 6 (1994)

“MDI Comfort Cushioning for Automotive Applications” Cunningham et al (ICI)

14, 2 (1995)

“Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes: Synthesis, Properties and Application” Frisch et al (Univ Detroit)

“Use of FTIR to Analyse Fire Gases from Burning Polyurethane Foam” K. Paul (RAPRA)

"Measurements of Heat Release from Upholstery Materials using the Cone Calorimeter" Creyf, Hurd & King

14, 3 (1995)

“Recovering Value from Waste – The UK Government View” P. Coombs (DTI)

“Analysis of the Structure-property relations of Foam materials” Chen and Lakes (Univ Iowa)

“Polyether Triols, Tetrahydrofuran-alkylene oxide Copolymers for Flexible Polyurethane Foams” Ionescu et al (Romania)

14, 4 (1995)

“Europur Studies on Methods of Test for the Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” Creyf, Hurd, & King

“The Manufacture of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by the Variable Pressure Process V.P.F.” Blackwell and Buckley (Beamech)

14, 5 (1995)

14, 6 (1995)

Apology for omission of EFRA funding contribution in “Europur Studies on Methods of Test for the Burning Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture” Creyf, Hurd, & King 14, 4 (1995)

“Evaluation of Foams for Horse Riders’ Body protectors” Mills and Gilchrist (Univ Birmingham)

15, 1 (1996)

“Preparation and Physical Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers Containing Mesogenic Moities” Onouchi et al (Aichi Inst Technology)

“Synthesis and Characterisation of Liquid Crystalline Polyurethane Elastomers” Furukawa et al (Nagasaki Univ)

15, 2 (1996)

“Pulverised Flexible Polyurethane Foam Particles as a Filler in Natural Rubber Vulcanisates” Sims and Sombatsompop (UMIST)

“Comparison of the VPF and Liquid CO₂ Foaming Processes” Blackwell et al (Beamech)

“Polyurethane: A Polymer Addressing the Environmental Issues of the 21^st Century” M. Jeffs (ICI)

“Isopa’s New Role” G. Strobbe

15, 4 (1996)

“Low Density all-MDI Polyurethane Foams for Automotive Seating” Tan et al (ICI)

“Manchester’s Contribution to the Development of the Rubber Industry” J. Buist

15, 5 (1996)

“Further Studies on the Use of Pulverised Flexible Polyurethane Foam Particles as Fillers in Natural Rubber Compounds” Sombatsompop and Sims (UMIST)

“Hysteresis Behaviour and Specific Damping Capacity of Negative Poisson’s Ratio Foams” Martz et al (Univ Iowa)

15, 6 (1996)

“Polyurethane Elastomers Based Upon Novel Hydrocarbon-based Diols” Frisch et al (Univ Detroit)

“Recycling of Automotive Foam/fabric laminates by Incorporation into Rebonded Polyurethane Foam” Sims and Angus (UMIST) sponsored by Caligen

16, 1 (1997)

16, 2 (1997)

16, 3 (1997)

16, 4 (1997)

“The Engineering Properties of Polyurethane and other Cellular Polymer Systems” C. Hepburn (Univ Ulster)

16, 5 (1997)

“Scale-up of Transformation of Negative Poissons’s ratio foam: Slabs” Loureiro and Lakes (Univ Iowa)

16, 6 (1997)

“Recent Advances in the Development and Characterisation of Automotive Comfort Foams” Leenslag et al (ICI)

“Initial Impact Studies on Open and Closed-Cell Foams” Sims and Pentrakoon (UMIST)

17, 1 (1998)

17, 2 (1998)

“Development of HFC Blowing Agents. Part 1. Polyurethane Foams” Albouy et al (Elf Atochem)

17, 3 (1998)

17, 4 (1998)

17, 5 (1998)

“Effect of Amine Additives on Flexible Moulded Foam Properties” Zhang et al Univ Minnesota)

17, 6 (1998)

“Conceptual Volume Expansion During the Reaction of Polyurethanes” F. Proska

18, 1 (1999)

“Effects of Composition on Thermal, mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Starch Based Polyurethane Foams” Iannace et al (Univ Naples and Milan)

“The Environmental Contribution of Polyurethane Thermal Insulation Products” Giebens et al (BING)

18, 2 (1999)

“Strain Dependent Densification during Indentation in Auxetic Foams” Smith et al (Univ Exeter)

“The Rate Dependence of Confor Polyurethane Foams” Davies and Mills (Univ Birmingham)

18, 3 (1999)

18, 6 (1999)

19, 1 (2000)

“Seating Pressure Distribution Using Slow-Recovery Polyurethane Foams” Davies et al: (Birmingham Univ)

19, 3 (2000)

“Negative Poisson’s Ratio Foam as Seat Cushion material” Low (Clive Industries) and Lakes (Univ Wisconsin-maddison)

“Endurance of Polyurethane Automotive Seating Foams under Varying Temperature and Humidity Conditions” Broos et al (Dow)

21, 3 (2002)

“Development of a New Large Flaming Ignition Source for Upholstered Seating and Mattress Tests. Part 1 – Characterisation of Ignition Sources” J. Laperre (Centexbel) and K. Paul (RAPRA)

21, 4 (2002)

“Development of a New Large Flaming Ignition Source for Upholstered Seating and Mattress Tests. Part 2 – Ignition Behaviour of Different Large Flaming Sources on Mattresses and Upholstered Composites” J. Laperre (Centexbel) and K. Paul (RAPRA)

21, 5 (2002)

“Modelling of Air Flow in Impacted Polyurethane Foam” Mills and Lyn, Birmingham Univ (“Impacted” foam was PU re-bond)

Also retained for members’ use if needed tensile strength specimen die cutter conforming to ISO 1798 Fig 1 (b) “Japanese dimensions”

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